HAND-BOOK 

FOR 



NICHOLS' 



GEOGRAPHIC 



Model of Palestine. 



COMPILED BY ITS DESIGNER. 



KEVISED BY 



H. S. OSBORN, L.L.D., 

Author of u Guide to Palestine," " Map of Palestine and 

iM ' ' ' ''--J. t>Atp>rc -fri*' S hmi A » A ND " GEOGRAPHY OF 

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS estine." 



D000^7HSfei1 

• fNATI, O. 
i Published by J. C. Brooke. 

1878. 



HAND-BOOK 



NICHOLS' 



GEOGRAPHIC 



Model of Palestine. 



COMPILED BY ITS DESIGNER. 



REVISED BY 

H. S. OSBORN, L.L.D., 

Author of " Guide to Palestine," " Map of Palestine and 
Parts of Syria," and " Geography of 
Palestine." 



CINCINNATI, O. 
Published by J. C. Brooke. 
1878. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the Year 1878, by 
J. C. BROOK, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 



Electrotyped bj- CAMPBELL & CO., Cincinnati. 



PREFACE. 



"The geography of Palestine as we find it to-day, is 
the strongest testimony to the truth of that history which 
purports to emanate thence 

The Model of Palestine is the fruit of a desire to 
increase an interest in the Holy Land, by making a 
better knowledge of its geography easily attainable to 
the many who have not the time nor the opportunity 
for making it the subject of especial study — but to whom 
the knowledge is still desirable. 

This representation exhibits the features of the 
country directly to the senses, in their relative extent, mag- 
nitude, position and appearance. The aim is to convey 
an impression of its predominating characteristics, such as 
will be easily remembered, rather than attempt to fur- 
nish a critically exact conformation to minute detail. 

The great advantage of such a method in studying 
any object, too large to be seen at once, is beyond ques- 
tion. The model speaks in a tongueless language which 
none can fail to understand. 

OF ITS FIDELITY. 

Though the model does not aspire to be a thing 
of precision, entering as a test in matters of contro- 
versy; yet every possible effort has been made to 
produce an honest, general representation of the country 
as it would appear looking down upon it from a short 
distance above. It may be that inaccuracies exist in the 
work; it is certain, that if so, they are small, and mainly 
such as cannot be remedied to-day, for the reason that 
many important fields in that country have not yet been 
explored by geographical observers. 



4 



Preface. 



When the Model is used in connection with descrip- 
tions given by any author or traveler writing from actual 
observation, its merits will be evident — and especially so 
in connection with many historic events recorded in the 
Bible, and which references in the Hand Book will des- 
ignate in part. 

The following excellent description from the pen of 
Dr. Kobinson is given that the reader may see by com- 
parison the relative merit of illustrations by words and 
by things, and how nearly they coincide : 

GENERAL FEATURES, 

The striking feature in the aspect of the country con- 
sists in the four long parallel tracts or strips of territory 
into which the land naturally divides itself, two of them 
low and two elevated. They are as follows : 

L The low plain along the coast, interrupted only at 
the northern end and at Carmel. 

II. The valley or plain of the Jordan, depressed in 
great part below the level of the Mediterranean. 

III. The range of hill country and mountains west 
of the Jordan, extending from Lebanon south, through- 
out the land, and interrupted only at the plain of Esdraelon. 

IV. The range of hill country and mountains east 
of the Jordan, extending from Hermon south, through- 
out Bashan, Gilead, and Moab. East of the Lake of 
Tiberias, the high plateau spreads out into the plain of 
Hauran. 

AUTHORITY. 

In the construction of the Model and Hand Book, 
much assistance has been derived from sketches, photo- 
graphs, views and plans by makers unknown, and also 
from an extensive list of maps, chief among which are the 



Preface. 



5 



works of Keipert, and the very full and complete map 
of Palestine by Professors Osborn and Coleman. 

Free use was also made (by permission of the pub- 
lishers,) of "Biblical Researches," by Robinson and 
Smith; " Geography of Palestine," by Professor Osborn ; 
and " The Lord's Land," by Dr. Ridgaway. The works of 
the Geographer Ritter; Thompson's "The Land and the 
Book; " Murray's "Hand Book of Syria and Palestine;" 
Wilson's "Lands of the Bible;" "Giant Cities of Bash- 
an," by Rev. J, L. Porter, and "Physical Geography of 
Palestine," by Rabbi Josef Schwartz; Keil's Comment- 
ary on the Book of J oshua, and Smith's Bible Dictionary, 
were of much service. 

Valuable information was also obtained from the writ- 
ings of Kinglake, Stevens, Stanley, President Olin, 
Seetzen, Lindsay, La Marline, de Saulcey, Burckhardt, 
Alexander Keith, Brown, Maundrell, and others. 

THE HAND BOOK 

Is compiled mainly from the works of the authors named, 
and aims to give something of the present condition of 
the localities referred to or designated on the Model. 

The Bible references included, bring into the same con- 
nection many items of historic interest, as well as frequent 
prophecies of the future desolation of cities then reigning 
in magnificence, and to the fulfillment of which the pres- 
ent day bears witness. Often the references give the on- 
ly history of the place that is known to the world. 

That the Model and its Hand Book may contribute to 
render a knowledge of the "Land of Sacred Associa- 
tions" more easily obtained, and the Book which is so 
largely its history, better understood, is the earnest wish 
of its designer, n. 



HAND BOOK 

FOR THE 

Model of Palestine. 



" Palestine is the border land of sacred and common 
history : the scene of the oldest traditions and civilizations of 
the ivoM: the meeting point of all the religions of Western 
Asia" — Stanley. 

That portion of the earth represented by the accompa- 
nying mode], has been known at various times as " The 
Land of Canaan," "The Land of Israel," "The Land 
of Promise," a "District of Syria," "The Holy Land," 
and "Palestine," by which last name it is now most fre- 
quently designated. 

POSITION ON THE GLOBE. 

The eastern border of the model, parallel with the 
river Jordan, nearly coincides with the meridian of thir- 
ty-six degrees and fifteen minutes east from Greenwich. 
The parallel of thirty-two north latitude crosses the coun- 
try about two geographic miles south from the city of 
Joppa. 

The Mediterranean Sea on the west, is the only definite 
boundary ; other lines do not appear to have remained 
without change for any length of time. 



8 



Hand Book for 



The parallels of the city of Dan on the north, and 
Beer-sheba on the south, include between them the dis- 
trict selected, as the stage on which occurred the princi- 
pal events recorded in the Bible history of the land of 
Israel. 

The Model represents an area of twelve thousand five 
hundred miles, nearly equal to that of Massachusetts and 
Connecticut taken together. In relation to the Eastern 
Continent, Palestine stands in the door- way leading from 
Asia to Africa, and near the portage between seas bor- 
dering upon and communicating with all parts of the world. 
It stands as a natural fortress, with great advantages for 
defense, and inexhaustible sources for supplies. 

population at various times. 

It is estimated that the Israelites entered the Land of 
Promise under Joshua, numbering at least three million 
souls; and that the country was already occupied by a 
still greater number of Canaanites. 

Says Dr. Keith: "At the numbering of Israel by 
Joab, at the command of King David, the population 
probably exceeded six millions." The same distinguished 
author estimates the population of Judea alone, in the 
time of Titus, A. D. 70, at four millions. 

Josephus, then governor of Galilee, incidentally men- 
tions that his province contained two hundred and four 
villages, the least of which, with its suburbs, had fifteen 
thousand people. 

The Roman Emperor Adrian, A. D. 137, destroyed 
five hundred strongly fortified citadels of the Jews, and 
nine hundred and eighty-five of their most celebrated 
and noble villages, which w 7 ere overthrown to the foun- 
dations.* 



-See Keith's Land of Israel. 



Model of Palestine. 



9 



The best estimate which can be obtained of the present 
number of inhabitants, does not exceed six hundred 
thousand. 

CLIMATE, ETC. 

Palestine has a semi-tropical climate ; with two seasons, 
the wet and dry — corresponding in time to our winter 
and summer. No rain is seen during the summer months. 
In winter, rains most frequently occur during the night. 
Often one, two, or three wet days succeed one another ; 
then an equal number of clear days, sometimes prolonged 
to a week or more, when they are again succeeded by rain. 
These clear days are improved by the tillers of the soil, 
as the seed time. Cisterns for storing rain-water, are an 
absolute necessity in most places. A failure of the early 
rain, prevents the preparation of the soil and the sowing 
of seed ; if the latter rains are slight, the earth is soon 
dry, and crops fail ; but with both in the usual season 
and abundance, plentiful harvests are reasonably sure. 

The amount of rain falling in each year, according to 
observations by Dr. Barclay, made at Jerusalem, varies 
from forty-four inches to eighty-six inches ; the mean for 
ten years, in which no disastrous drought occurred, being 
sixty-one and six-tenth inches. 

The annual rain-fall of Ohio (for comparison), may 
be stated at about forty-four inches. 

The different altitudes of the plains (as shown by the 
Model), cause a difference of about four weeks in matur- 
ity of vegetation, on the same parallel of latitude, and 
this within a possible day's walk. 

The diagram appended shows the progress of an aver- 
age season, from month to month, in the vicinity of 
Jerusalem : 



10 



Hand Book for 



MO>'TH. 


ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION. 


,Rain Fall 
in 
inches. 


January. 


Frequent frosts. Snow on hill-tops and high- 

1 £1 n f\ *s T-T <r 1 1 1" f Ariiitt»i* r^T* vo in v coo^sr^f* 


15 


February. 


Snow and ice occasionally. Heavy rains 
frequent, with clear days 'intervening. 


13 


March. 


Heavy winds, and the latter rains. 
"Winter over. 


11 




Rains less frequent. Chilly winds. 
Many warm days. 




May. 


Rains rare. Temperature rising. Clouds sel- 
dom appear. Sea breezes frequent. 




June. 


Xo rain. Clouds rare. Longest day, 14 h. 
10 m. Sea breezes uniform from 10 A. M. 
to 10 P. M. Heat increasing. 





j uij • 


Great heat. Xo clouds. Slight dews. Sea 
breezes during the day. 





August. 


Intense heat, with dews at night. 

Sea breezes. 





September. 


Much and frequent lightning, without thun- 
der. Flying clouds, and excessive dews. 
Slight showers possible. 


% 


October. 


Warm days. Cooler nights. Dews decrease. 
Frequent showers, and days of rain. 


4 


November. 


Clouds grow dense. Strong winds. Thun- 
der and lightning. Time for the early 
rains. 


6 


December. 


Cool, with frequent rainy days. Shortest 
day, 9 h. 50 m. Frost on the hills. 


9 



Model op Palestine. 



11 



Prevailing 
Wind. 


STATE OF VEGETATION. 


Range of 

Ther- 
mometer. 


w. 
s. w. 


Late plowing and sowing of winter grain. Fields 
green. Trees bare. Cabbages and onions full 
grown. 


26 
to 
64 


tn. W. 


Turning point of winter. Last days of seed 
time for winter grain. Buds begin to show. 


28 
to 
68 


s. w. 


Fruit trees blossom. Grain coming rapidly for- 
ward. Hills, plains and rocks covered with 
verdure. 


34 
to 
70 


N. W. 
E. 


Early fruits appear. Barley harvest in Jordan 
valley, late in the month. 


to 
72 


Jli* 


Summer fruits maturing. Wheat harvests at 
Jericho on the 10th ; at Gaza on the 19th. 


60 

tr> 
LO 

76 


E. 


Wheat harvest at Hebron on the 5th ; at She- 
cbem on the 10th. Harvest over in the plains. 
Early fruits ripening. 


64 
to 
76 


E. 


Apples, melons, etc., abundant. Grapes ripen- 
ing rapidly. 


66 
to 
80 


"NT "I? 


Fig crop gathered. Vintage in progress. Grass 
dead in many places. 


68 
to 

88 


N. 


Season of cotton, quinces, lemons, etc. Hills 
look dreary and barren from the drought. 


70 
to 

85 


ss. w. 


Olives, citrons, dates, etc. ripening. Prepara- 
tions for seeding begin with the rains. 


50 
to 
76 


N. W. 


maturing. 


45 
to 
70 


B. W. 


Seed time at its height. Late ripening fruits 
hang to the trees. 


31 
to 
68 



12 



Hand Book for 



PRESENT CONDITION. 

The present condition of Palestine resembles that of an 
estate long with an uncertain title — its heirs being out- 
cast and dispersed, but not disinherited. 

Its vineyards and orchards still produce abundantly ; 
and the fields, when cultivated, yield a return surprising 
to those who compare the results, of the WTetched, sloven- 
ly method pursued, with those of other lands. 

The cities and villages are more remarkable for what 
they once were, than for what they now are. They 
mostly exist in partial decay, or in ruins. Ruins stand- 
ing entire or in fragments ; ruins prostrate and scattered ; 
ruins hidden by rubbish and weeds ; ruins half buried in 
the earth ; ruins so frequent and abundant that travelers 
seem to tire in their inspection, and grow weary of their 
mention. And where former sites are occupied at all, 
there appears to be not a tenth of the former number of 
inhabitants, nor a hundredth part of the ancient prosperity. 
Its people forsake their growing crops, and cluster togeth- 
er, hiding behind walls for security of life. 

Says President Olin: ' ' I have lately had occasion to 
notice the rare instance of a solitary rural cottage, which 
I passed near the walls of Tibnin. I do not remember 
another such instance in Palestine." 

divisions. 

Before the birth of Christ, Palestine was divided into 
Judea, Samaria and Galilee. Judea was that general 
district including the tribes, Judah, Benjamin, Simeon, 
and Dan. Samaria included Ephraim and Manasseh, 
and Galilee was all the district indefinitely extended 
north.* 



vProf. OsborrTs Geography of Palestine. 



Model of Palestine. 



13 



The Model exhibits these divisions, with the land of 
Gilead east of the Jordan, and a strip of Moab attached, 
as a border land to the south-east of the Dead Sea. 



REFERENCES TO THE BIBLE CONCERNING THE LAND OF 
CANAAN, OR PALESTINE. 

DESCRIPTION OF THE LAND. 
Numbers, cliap. 14. 

6 And Joshua the son of Nun, and Caleb the son of Jephun- 
neh, which were of them that searched the land, rent their clothes: 

7 And they spake unto all the company of the ch ildren of Israel, 
saying, The land, which we passed through to search it, is an ex- 
ceeding good land. 

8 If the Lord delight in us, then he will bring us into this land, 
and give it us ; a land which floweth with milk and honey. 

I>eut., cliap. 8. 

7 For the Lord thy God bringeth thee into a good land, a land 
of brooks of water, of fountains and depths that spring out of val- 
leys and hills ; 

8 A land of wheat, and barley, and vines, and fig trees, and 
pomegranates; a land of oil olive and honey ; 

9 A land wherein thou shalt eat bread without scarceness, thou 
shalt not lack any thing in it ; a land whose stones are iron, and 
out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass. 

10 When thou hast eaten and art full, then thou shalt bless the 
Lord thy God for the good land which he hath given thee. 

Dent., chap. 9. 

1 Hear, O Israel : Thou art to pass over Jordan this day, to go 
in to possess nations greater and mightier than thyself, cities great 
and fenced up to heaven, 

2 A people great and tall, the children of the Anakim, whom 
thou knowest, and of whom thou hast heard say. Who can stand 
before the children of Anak ! 

FIRST RECORD OF ITS INHABITANTS. 
Gen., cliap. 10. 

6 And the sons of Ham ; Cush, and Mizraim, and Phut, and 
Canaan. 



14 



Hand Book for 



13 And Mizraim begat Ludim, and Anamim, and Lehabim, and 
Naphtuhim, 

14 And Pathrusim, and Casluhim, (out of whom came Philistim,) 
and Caphtorim. 

15 And Canaan begat Sidon his firstborn, and Heth, 

16 And the Jebusite, and the Amorite, and the Girgasite, 

17 And the Hivite, and the Arkite, and the Sinite. 

19 And the border of the Canaanites was from Sidon, as thou 
comest to Gerar, unto Gaza ; as thou goest unto Sodom, and Gomor- 
rah, and Admah, and Zeboim, even unto Lasha. 

PROMISES TO ABRAHAM, JACOB, AND MOSES. 

Gen., eliap. 12. 

5 And Abram took Sarai his wife, and Lot his brother's son, 
and all their substance that they had gathered, and the souls that 
t hey had gotten in Haran ; and they went forth to go into the land 
of Canaan ; and into the land of Canaan they came. 

7 And the Lord appeared unto Abram, and said, Unto thy 
seed will I give this land : and there builded he an altar unto the 
Lord, who appeared unto him. 

Gen., chap. 13. 

14 f And the Lord said unto Abram, after that Lot was sep- 
arated from him, Lift up now thine eyes, and look from the place 
where thou art northward, and southward, and eastward, and 

westward : 

15 For all the land which thou seest, to thee will I give it, and 
to thy seed for ever. 

16 And I will make thy seed as the dust of the earth : so that if 
a man can number the dust of the earth, then shall thy seed also be 
numbered. 

17 Arise, walk through the land in the length of it and in the 
breadth of it ; for I will give it unto thee. 

Gen., cliap. 15. 

18 In that same day the Lord made a covenant with Abram, 
saying, Unto thy seed have I given this land, from the river of 
Egypt unto the great river, the river Euphrates. 

Gen., chap. 17. 

8 And I will give unto thee, and to thy seed after thee, the land 
wherein thou art a stranger, all the land of Canaan, for an ever- 
lasting possession ; and I will be their God. 

Gen., chap. 28. 

13 And, behold, the Lord stood above it, and said, I am the Lord 



Model of Palestine. 



15 



God of Abraham thy father, and the God of Isaac : the land where- 
on thou Hest, to thee will I give it, and to thy seed ; 

14 And thy seed shall "be as the dust of the earth ; and thou shalt 
spread abroad to the west, and to the east, and to the north, and to 
the south : and in thee and in thy seed shall all the families of the 
earth be blessed. 

Gen., chap. 35. 

12 And the land which I gave Abraham and Isaac, to thee I 
will give it, and to thy seed after thee will I give the land. 

Exodus, cliap. 6. 

4 And I have also established my covenant with them, to give 
them the land of Canaan, the land of their pilgrimage, wherein 
they were strangers. 

8 And I will bring you in unto the land, concerning the which 
I did swear to give it to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob ; and I 
will give it you for an heritage : I am the Lord. 

Psalm 105. 

9 Which covenant he made with Abraham, and his oath unto 
Isaac : 

10 And confirmed the same unto Jacob for a law, and to Israel 
for an everlasting covenant : 

11 Saying, Unto thee will I give the land of Canaan, the lot of 
your inheritance : 

12 When they were but a few men in number ; yea, very few, 
and strangers in it. 

BOUNDARIES, 
Num., chap. 34. 

2 Command the children of Israel, and say unto them, When 
3^e come into the land of Canaan ; (this is the land that shall fall 
unto you for an inheritance, even the land of Canaan with the 
coasts thereof:) 

3 Then your south quarter shall be from the wilderness of Zin 
along by the coast of Edom, and your south border shall be the 
outmost coast of the salt sea eastward : 

4 And your border shall turn from the south to the ascent of 
Akrabbim, and pass on to Zin: and the going forth thereof shall 
be from the south to Kadesh-barnea, and shall go on to Hazar- 
addar, and pass on to Azmon : 

5 And the border shall fetch a compass from Azmon unto the 
river of Egypt, and the goings out of it shall be at the sea. 

6 And as for the western border, ye shall even have the great 
sea for a border : this shall be your west border. 

7 And this shall be your north border : from the great sea ye 
shall point out for you mount Hor : 

8 From mount Hor ye shall point out your border unto the en- 



16 



Hand Book for 



trance of Hamath ; and the goings forth of the border shall be to 

Zedad : 

9 And the border shall go on to Ziphron, and the goings out 
of it shall be at Hazar-enan : this shall be your north border. 

10 And ye shall point out your east border from Hazar-enan to 
Shepham. 

11 And the coast shall go down from Shepham to Riblah, on 
the east side of Ain ; and the border shall descend, and shall reach 
unto the side of the sea of Chinnereth eastward : 

12 And the border shall go down to Jordan, and the goings out 
of it shall be at the salt sea : this shall be your land with the coasts 
thereof round about. 

IMPORTANCE OF THE BAINS. 
Dent., chap. 11. 

11 But the land, whither ye go to possess it, is a land of hills 
and valleys, and drinketh water of the rain of heaven. 

14 That I will give you the rain of your land in his due season, 
the first rain and the latter rain, that thou mayest gather in thy 
corn, and thy wine, and thine oil. 

17 And then the Lord's wrath be kindled against you, and he 
shut up the heaven, that there be no rain, and that the land yield 
not her fruit ; and lest ye perish quickly from off the good land 
which the Lord giveth you. 

Job, chap. 29. 

23 And they waited for me as for the rain ; and they opened 
their mouth wide as for the latter rain. 

Pro v., chap. 25. 

23 The north wind driveth away rain : so doth an angry counte- 
nance a backbiting tongue. 

Joel, chap. 2. 

23 Be glad then, ye children of Zion, and rejoice in the Lord 
your God : for he hath given you the former rain moderately, and 
he will cause to come down for you the rain, the former rain, and 
the latter rain in the first month. 

24 And the floors shall be full of wheat, and the fats shall over- 
flow with wine and oil. 

Haggai, chap. 1. 

10 Therefore the heaven over you is stayed from dew, and the 
earth is stayed from her fruit. 

Luke, chap. 12. 

54 And he said also to the people, When ye see a cloud rise 



Model of Palestine. 



17 



out of the west, straightway ye say, There cometh a shower ; and 
so it is, 

55 And when ye see the south wind blow, ye say, There will be 
heat ; and it cometh to pass. 

James, chap. 5. 

7 Be patient therefore, brethren, unto the coming of the Lord. 
Behold, the husbandman waiteth for the precious fruit of the 
earth, and hath long patience for it, until he reeeive the early and . 
latter rain, 

SELECTED QUOTATIONS* 

Exodus, chap. 15. 

14 The people shall hear, and be afraid : sorrow shall take hold 
on the inhabitants of Palestina. 

Xuin., chap. 13. 

17 f And Moses sent them to spy out the land of Canaan, and 
said unto them, Get you up this way southward, and go up into 
the mountain : 

18 And see the land, what it is; and the people that dwelleth 
therein, whether they be strong or weak, few or many ; 

19 And what the land is that they dwell in, whether it be good 
or bad; and what cities they be that they dwell in, whether in 
tents, or in strong holds; 

2© And what the land whether it be fat or lean, whether 
there be wood therein, or not. And be ye of good courage, and 
bring of the fruit of the land. Now the time wa$ the time of the 
first ripe grapes. 

Josh., chap. 5. 

12 f And the manna ceased on the morrow after they had eat- 
en of the old corn of the land ; neither had the children of Israel 
manna any more, but they did eat of the fruit of the land of Ca- 
naan that year. 

Judges, chap. 4. 

23 So God subdued on that day Jabin the king of Canaan before 
the children of Israel. 

24 And the hand of the children of Israel prospered, and pre- 
vailed against Jabin the king of Canaan, until they had destroyed 
Jabin king of Canaan. 

Isa., chap. 14. 

29 % Rejoice not thou, whole Palestina, because the rod of him 
that smote thee is broken: for out of the serpent's root shall come 
forth a cockatrice, and his fruit shall be a fiery flying serpent. 

31 Howl, gate ; cry, O city; thou, whole Palestina, art dissol- 
ved : for there shall come from the north a smoke, and none shall 
he alone in his appointed times. 



18 



Hand Book for 



Isa., chap. 19. 

18 In that day shall five cities in the land of Egypt speak the 
language of Canaan, and swear to the Lord of hosts , one shall be 
called, The city of destruction. 

Joel, chap. 3. 

4 Yea, and what have ye to do with me, O Tyre, and Zidon, and 
all the coasts of Palestine? will ye render me a recompense ? and 
if ye recompense me, swiftly and speedily will 1 return your rec- 
ompense upon your own head. 

Zepla., chap. 2. 

5 Wo unto the inhabitants of the sea coast, the nation of the 
Cherethites ! the word of the Lord is against you ; O Canaan, the 
land of the Philistines, I will even destroy thee, that there shall 
be no inhabitant. 



Model of Palestine. 



19 



DIVISIONS OF PALESTINE 



GALILEE.* 

The name Galilee grew into prominence as the tribal 
designations passed away, which appears to have been 
not far from the commencement of the Christian era, al- 
though the name had an application long before. 

The district so called, comprises the portions of Asher, 
JsTaphtali, Zebulon, and part of Issachar. The main' 
features of this district (as shown), were hills and valleys, 
extensive plains of great fertility, abounding in the finest 
scenery, with forests, orchards, and springs of water in 
profusion. Not a twentieth part of this noble soil is 
tilled. The rank weeds wither and decay on the spot 
where they grew. This is the result of man's misman- 
agement for ages. 

Galilee was the scene of most of the ministrations of 
Christ; it was the home of his youth, and of his active 
life. His apostles were at least residents of the province. 
After the destruction of Jerusalem, it became the home 
of many principal Hebrew families, and the seat of Jew- 
ish schools and learning. 

At that period its population must have been dense ; 
as, according to authentic history, the inhabitants of 
the cities and villages exceeded three millions in number. 

Of its present state, says Hitter the geographer: 4 'If 
the country were only blessed with an industrious popu- 
lation, and a w T ell administered government, Galilee w T ould 
again become one of the most favored, and most densely 
populated mountain-lands in the world." 



-See page 94. 



20 



Hand Book for 



BIBLE REFERENCES. 
JTostt.. chap. 20. 

7 And they appointed Kedesh in Galilee in mount Naphtali, 
and Shechem in mount Ephraim, and Kirjath-arba, which is He- 
bron, in the mountain of Judah. 

Josh., chap. 21. 

32 And out of the tribe of Naphtali, Kedesh in Galilee with 
her suburbs, to be a city of refuge for the slayer ; and Hammoth- 
dor with her suburbs, and Kartan with her suburbs ; three cities. 

I. Kings, chap. 9. 

11 (Now Hiram the king of Tyre had furnished Solomon with 
cedar-trees and fir-trees, and with gold, according to all his desire,) 
that then king Solomon gave Hiram twenty cities in the land of 
Galilee. 

II. King's, chap. 15. 

29 In the days of Pekah king of Israel came Tiglath-pileser 
king of Assyria, and took Ijon, and Abel-beth-maachah, and 
Janoah, and Kedesh, and Hazor, and Gilead, and Galilee, ail the 
land of Naphtali, and carried them captive to Assyria. 

I. €hron., chap. 6. 

7G And out of the tribe of Naphtali ; Kedesh in Galilee with 
her suburbs, and Hammon with her suburbs, and Kirjathaim with 
her suburbs. 

Is a., chap. 9. 

1 Nevertheless the dimness shall not be such as was in her vex- 
ation, when at the first he lightly afflicted the land of Zebuluu, 
and the land of Naphtali, and afterward did more grievously afflict 
her by the way of the sea, beyond Jordan, in Galilee of the nations. 

Mat., chap. 2. 

22 But when he heard that Archelaus did reign in Judea in the 
room of his father Herod, he was afraid to go thither: notwith- 
standing, being warned of God in a dream, he turned aside into 
the parts of Galilee. 

Mat., chap. 3. 

13 Then cometh Jesus from Galilee to Jordan unto John, to 
be baptized of him. 

Mat., chap. 4. 

12 1[ Now, when Jesus had heard that John w r as cast into prison, 
he departed into Galilee. 

15 The land of Zabulon, and the land Nephthalim, by the way 
of the sea, beyond Jordan, Galilee of the Gentiles. 



Model of Palestine. 



21 



23 ft And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in their syna- 
gogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing all 
manner of .sickness, and ail manner of disease among the people. 

25 And there followed him great multitudes of people from 
Galilee, and from Decapolis, and from Jerusalem, and from Judea, 
and from beyond Jordan. 

Mat., chap. 17. 

22 ft And while they abode in Galilee, Jesus said unto them, 
The iSon of man shall be betrayed into the hands of men. 

Mat., chap. 19. 

I And it came to pass, that when Jesus had finished these say- 
ings, he departed from Galilee, and came into the coasts of Judea, 
beyond Jordan. 

Mat., chap. 21. 

II And the multitude said, This is Jesus the prophet of Nazar- 
eth of Galilee. 

Mat., chap. 26. 

32 But after I am risen again, I will go before you into Galilee. 
Mat., chap. 27. 

55 And many women were there (beholding afar off) which 
followed Jesus from Galilee, ministering unto him. 

Mat., chap. 28. 

7 And go quickly, and tell his disciples, that he is risen from the 
dead, and behold, he goeth before you into Galilee ; there shall ye 
see him : lo, I have told you. 

10 Then said Jesus unto them, Be not afraid : go tell my breth- 
ren, that they go into Galilee, and there shall they see me. 

Mark, chap. 1. 

14 Now, after that John was put in prison, Jesus came into 
Galilee, preaching the gospel of the kingdom of God. 

28 And immediately his fame spread abroad throughout all the 
region round about Galilee. 

39 And he preached in their synagogues throughout all Galilee, 
and cast out devils. 

Marh, chap. 3. 

7 But Jesus withdrew himself with his disciples to the sea : 
and a great multitude from Galilee followed him, and from Judea. 

Mark, chap. 6. 

21 And when a convenient day was come, that Herod on his 



22 



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birth day made a supper to his lords, high captains, and chief 
estates of Galilee. 

Mark, chap. 9. 

30 And they departed thence, and passed through Galilee ; and 
he would not that any man should know it. 

Mark, chap. 14. 

28 But after that I am risen, I will go before you into Galilee. 

Luke. chap. 1. 

26 And in the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent from 
God unto a city of Galilee, named Nazareth. 

Luke, chap. 3. 

4 And Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Na- 
zareth, into Judea, unto the city of David, which is called Bethle- 
hem, (because he was of the house and lineage of David.) 

39 And when they had performed all things according to the 
law of the Lord, they returned into Galilee, to their own city 
Nazareth. 

Luke, chap. 3. 

I Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Cesar, Pon- 
tius Pilate being governor of Judea, and Herod being tetrarch of 
Galilee, and his brother Philip tetrarch of Iturea and of the region 
of Trachonitis, and Lysanias the tetrarch of Abilene. 

Luke, chap. 17. 

II If And it came to pass, as he went to Jerusalem, that he 
passed through the midst of Samaria and Galilee. 

Luke, chap. 23. 

5 And they were the more fierce, saying, He stirreth up the 
people, teaching throughout all Jewry, beginning from Galilee to 
this place. 

6 When Pilate heard of Galilee, he asked whether the man 
were a Galilean. 

49 And all his acquaintance, and the women that followed him 
from Galilee, stood afar off, beholding these things. 

Luke, chap. 24. 

6 He is not here, but is risen. Remember how he spake unto 
you when he was yet in Galilee. 

John, chap. 1. 

43 Tf The day following Jesus would go forth into Galilee, and 
findeth Philip, and saith unto him, Follow me. 



Model of Palestine. 



23 



John, chap. 4. 

43 Now, after two days he departed thence, and went into 
Galilee. 

45 Then when he was come into Galilee, the Galileans received 
him, having seen all the things that he did at Jerusalem at the 
feast : for they also went unto the feast. 

John, chap. 7. 

I After these things Jesus walked in Galilee ; for he would not 
walk in Jewry, because the Jews sought to kill him, 

41 Others said, This is the Christ. But some said, Shall Christ 
come out of Galilee ? 

52 They answered and said unto him, Art thou also of Galilee? 
Search, and look : for out of Galilee ariseth no prophet* 

Acts, chap. 1. 

II Which also said, Ye men of Galilee, why stand ye gazing up 
into heaven? this same Jesus which is taken up from you into 
heaven, shall so come in like manner as ye have seen him go into 
heaven. 

Acts, chap. 13. 

30 But God raised him from the dead : 

31 And he was seen many days of them which came up with 
him from Galilee to Jerusalem, who are his witnesses unto the 
people. 



SAMARIA* 

" Samaria was bounded northward by the range of 
hills which commences at Mount Carmel on the west, 
and after making a bend to the south-east, runs almost 
due east to the valley of the Jordan, forming the southern 
border of the plain of Esdraelon. It touched toward the 
south, as nearly as possible, the northern limit of Benja- 
min." — Smith's Bible Dictionary, 

This district, almost identical with the possessions of 
the sons of the patriarch Joseph, received its name from 
the city Samaria, which was built B. C, near the year 
925. Its central position, the fertility of the soil, the 
abundance and variety of its products, favored the culti- 



24 



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vation of an independent spirit in its inhabitants, which 
perhaps is not yet extinct. 

The mountains of Ephraim, or Samaria, form a group 
or line of rounded hills, alternating with valleys suscept- 
able of high cultivation. These hills to the south ex- 
tend into Judea, while on the w T est they sink into the 
beautiful plain of Sharon. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

I. Kings, chap. 13. 

32 For the saying which he cried by the word of the Lokt? 
against the altar in Beth-el, and against all the houses of the high 
places which are in the cities of Samaria, shall surely come to pass, 

I. King's, chap. IS. 

2 And Elijah went to shew himself unto Ahab. And there tvas 
a sore famine in Samaria. 

Ezra, chap. 4. 

10 And the rest of the nations whom the great and noble As- 
napper brought over, and set in the cities of Samaria, and the rest 
that are on this side the river, and at such a time. 

Jer., chap. 31. 

5 Thou shalt yet plant vines upon the mountains of Samaria : 
the planters shall plant, and shall eat them as common things. 

Xiiike, chap. 9. 

52 And sent messengers before his face : and they went and en- 
tered into a village of the Samaritans, to make ready for him. 

IiUke, chap. 17. 

11 And it came to pass, as he went to Jerusalem, that he 
passed through the midst of Samaria and Galilee. 

John, chap. 4. 

4 And he must needs go through Samaria. 

5 Then cometh he to a city of Samaria, which Is called Sychar, 
near to the parcel of ground that Jacob gave to his son Joseph . 

6 Now Jacob's well was there. Jesus therefore, being wearied 
with his journey, sat thus on the well : and it was about the sixth 
hour. 

7 There cometh a woman of Samaria to draw water: J esus saith 
unto her, Give me to drink. 



Model of Palestine. 



25 



8 (For his disciples were gone away unto the city to buy meat.) 

9 Then saith the woman of Samaria unto him, How is it that 
thou, being a Jew, askest drink of me, which am a woman of Sam- 
aria? for the Jews have no dealings with the Samaritans 

39 And many of the Samaritans of that city believed on him 
for the saying of the woman, which testified, He told me all that 
ever I did. 

40 So when the Samaritans were come unto him, they besought 
him that he would tarry with them : and he abode there two days. 

Acts, chap. 1. 

8 But ye shall receive power after that the Holy Ghost is come 
upon you : and ye shall be witnesses unto me both in Jerusalem , 
and in all Judea, and in Samaria, and unto the uttermost part 
of the earth. 

Acts, cliap. 8. 

1 And Saul was consenting unto his death. And at that time 
there was a great persecution against the church which was at 
Jerusalem ; and they were all scattered abroad throughout the re- 
gions of Judea and Samaria, except the apostles. 

Acts, chap. 9. 

31 Then had the churches rest throughout all Judea, and Gali- 
lee, and Samaria, and were edified : and walking in the fear of the 
Lord, and in the comfort of the Holy Ghost, were multiplied. 



JUDEA. 

The Kingdom of Judah, or Judea, extended from the 
Dead Sea on the east, to the Mediterranean on the west, 
with Samaria on the north, and the desert on the south. 

Judea presents four distinct natural features, viz : The 
Hill or Mountain Eegion, lying central; the "Wilder- 
ness," bordering the Dead Sea on its western side ; the 
"Maritime Plain," and the South Country. 

THE HILL COUNTRY. 

"The features" of the mountains of Judea "are not 
those of a regular mountain chain, but rather a vast clus- 
ter of rounded rocky hills sloping down into dry tortuous 
water courses. — Murray's Hand Book. 



26 



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THE WILDERNESS. 

The wilderness of J udea is a deeply corrugated in- 
clined plain, worn by the storms of ages into a net-work 
of gorges and tangled ravines, with shelving rocks and 
frequent precipices, sloping downward toward the Dead 
Sea. These rocks and hills are perforated with caverns 
almost without number, furnishing positive evidences of 
former human abode. Six cities with their villages, 
named among those given to the tribe of Judah, were 
located in "the wilderness." 

" The particular features of this desert region lose 
their individuality and prominence in the general and 
deep impression of absolute sterility and stern desolation 
which they leave upon the mind." — President Olin, 

THE MARITIME PLAIN. 

This was the land of the Philistines. "Along the whole 
sea board are white sandy downs. Within these is the 
broad undulating plain, with its deep, rich soil, and at 
intervals low mounds, over whose summits the grey ruins 
of great cities lie strewn in the dust." 

— Rev. J. L. Porter. 

THE SOUTH. 

A broad valley starts near Hebron, sloping gently to 
the south-west, gradually opening like a fan, and sweeping 
around to the sea coast below Gaza. 

This country affords the best of winter pasture in 
abundance, and that portion in the west is rarely equaled 
in fertility. Water is here less plentiful than in other 
parts of Palestine. 



Model of Palestine. 



27 



BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Ezra, chap. 5. 

8 Be it known unto the king, that we went into the province of 
Judea, to the house of the great God, which is builded with great 
stones, and timber is laid in the walls, and this work goeth last on, 
and prospereth in their hands. 

Mat., cbap. 19. 

1 And it came to pass, that when Jesus had finished these say- 
ings, he departed from Galilee, and came into the coasts of Judea, 
beyond Jordan. 

Mark, chap. 10. 

1 And he arose from thence, and cometh into the coasts of Ju- 
dea, by the farther side of Jordan : and the people resort unto him 
again ; and, as he was wont, he taught them again. 

Luke, cbap. 1. 

5 There was in the days of Herod the kind of Judea, a certain 
priest named Zacharias, of the course of Abia : and his wife was of 
the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elisabeth. 

Luke, cbap. 3. 

1 Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Cesar, Pon- 
tius Pilate being governor of Judea, and Herod being tetrarch of 
Galilee, and his brother Philip tetrarch of Iturea and of the region 
of Trachonitis, and Lysanias the tetrarch of Abilene. 

John, cbap. 3. 

22 % After these things came Jesus' and his disciples into the 
land of Judea ; and there he tarried with them and baptized. 

John, chap. 4. 

2 (Though Jesus himself baptized not, but his disciples,) 

3 He left Judea, and departed again into Galilee. 

Acts, chap. 1. 

8 But ye shall receive power after that the Holy Ghost is come 
upon you : and ye shall be witnesses unto me, both in Jerusalem, 
and in all Judea, and in Samaria, and unto the uttermost part of 
the earth. 

Acts, chap. 8. 

1 And Saul was consenting unto his death. And at that time 
there was a great persecution against the church which w T as at Je- 
rusalem ; and they were all scattered abroad throughout the regions 
of Judea and Samaria, except the apostles. 



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GILEAD. 

" We often find that this term designates all the terri- 
tory of Palestine situated on the east side of Jordan, and 
in point of fact, the mountains of Gilead ramify through- 
out the whole of this territory." — Rabbi Josef Schwarz. 

" Gilead before the time of Christ, was considered in. 
ferior in productiveness to the country west of the Jor- 
dan. But still, with all its neglect, it rivals in soil and 
herbage, any selected part of the earth of equal extent. 
Gilead though blighted, is still glorious in its beauty. " 

— Dr. Alexander Keith. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
1451 B. C. 

I>eut., chap. 3. 

12 And this land, which we possessed at that time, from Aroer, 
which is by the river Arnon, and half mount Gilead, and the cities 
thereof, gave I unto the Reubenites and to the Gadites. 

13 And the rest of Gilead, and all Bashan, being the kingdom of 
Og, gave I unto the half tribe of Manasseh ; all the region of Ar- 
gob, with all Bashan, which was called the land of giants. 

Josh., chap. 13. 

11 And Gilead, and the border of the Geshurites and Maacha- 
thites, and all mount Hermon, and all Bashan unto Salcah. 

Josh., chap. 22. 

9 And the children of Reuben and the children of Gad and 
the half tribe of Manasseh returned, and departed from the children 
of Israel out of Shiloh, which is in the land of Canaan, to go unto 
the country of Gilead, to the land of their possession, whereof they 
were possessed, according to the word of the Lord by the hand of 
Moses. 

Judges, chap. 10. 

4 And he had thirty sons that rode on thirty ass colts, and they 
had thirty cities, which are called Havoth-jair unto this day, which 
are in the land of Gilead. 

8 And that year they vexed and oppressed the children of Isra- 
el : eighteen years, all the children of Israel that were on the other 
side Jordan in the land of the Amorites, which is in Gilead. 



Mocel of Palestine. 



29 



18 And the people and princes of Gilead said one to another, 
What man is lie that will begin to fight against the children of 
Amnion? he shall be head over all the inhabitants of Gilead. 

Judges, chap. 11. 

29 Then the Spirit of the Lord came upon Jephthah, and he 
passed over Gilead, and Manasseh, and passed over Mizpeh of 
Gilead, and from Mizpeh of Gilead he passed over unto the children 
of Ammon. 

Judges, chap. 12. 

4 Then Jephthah gathered together all the men of Gilead, and 
fought with Ephraim : and the men of Gilead smote Ephraim, be- 
cause they said, Ye Gileadites are fugitives of Ephraim among the 
Ephraimites, and among the Manassites. 

5 And the Gileadites took the passages of Jordan before the 
Ephraimites : and it was so, that when those Ephraimites which 
were escaped said, Let me go over ; that the men of Gilead said 
unto him, Art thou an Ephraimite? If he said, Nay : 

7 And Jephthah judged Israel six j r ears: then died Jephthah 
the Gileadite, and was buried in one of the cities of Gilead. 

II. Sam., chap. 24. 

6 Then they came to Gilead, and to the land of Tahtim-hodshi, 
and they came to Dan-jaan, and about to Zidon. 

784 B. C. 

II. Kings, chap. 10. 

32 In those days the Lord began to cut Israel short : and Ha- 
-gael smote them in all the coasts of Israel ; 

33 From Jordan eastward, all the land of Gilead, the Gadites, 
and the Reubenites, and the Manassites, from Aroer, which is by 
the river Arnon, even Gilead and Bashan. 

I. Chron., chap. 2, 

21 And afterward Hezron went in to the daughter of Machir 
the father of Gilead, whom he married when he was threescore 
years old ; and she bare him Segub. 

22 And Segub begat Jair, who had three and twenty cities in 
the land of Gilead. 

I. Chron., chap. 5. 

9 And eastward he inhabited unto the entering in of the wil- 
derness from the river Euphrates : because their cattle were multi- 
plied in the land of Gilead. 

10 And in the days of Saul they made war with the Hagarites, 
who fell by their hand : and they dwelt in their tents throughout 
all the east land of Gilead, 



30 



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Psalm 60. 

7 Gilead is mine, and Manasseh is mine ; Ephraim also is the 
strength of mine head ; Judah is my lawgiver. 

Jeremiah, cbap. 8. 

22 Is there no balm in Gilead ; is there no physician there ? why 
then is not the health of the daughter of my people recovered ? 

Jeremiah, chap. 46. 

11 Go up into Gilead ; and take balm, O virgin, the daughter of 
Egypt : in vain shalt thou use many medicines : for thou shalt not 
be cured. 

Amos, chap. 1. 

3 Thus saith the Lord ; For three transgressions of Damascus, 
and for four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because 
they have threshed Gilead with threshing instruments of iron. 

Micah, chap. 7. 

14 \ Feed thy people with thy rod, the flock of thy heritage, 
which dwell solitarily in the wood, in the midst of Carmel: let 
them feed in Bashan and Gilead, as in the days of old. 

Zech., chap. 10. 

10 I will bring them again also out of the land of Egypt, and 
gather them out of Assyria ; and I will bring them into the land 
of Gilead and Lebanon ; and place shall not be found for them. 



MOAB. 

The strip of country shown by the model south-east of 
the Dead Sea, represents the western border of the land 
of Moab. Rising from the Dead Sea as shown, it extends 
as an undulating table-land indefinitely to the east. 

The plain abounds in ruins of cities, the names of 
which have in many instances failed to reach the present 
time. Only four or five localities have permanent inhab- 
itants. As a people, the Moabites appear to have been 
nearly, if not quite, the equals of the Israelites in civili- 
zation and influence. 

The most ancient alphabetic inscription known to the 



Model of Palestine. 



31 



world at this time, was found among the ruins of one of 
its cities. 

The history of Moab was finished thirteen hundred 
years ago. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Gen., chap. 19. 

37 And the first-born bare a son, and called his name Moab : the 
same is the father of the Moabites unto this day. 

Gen., chap. 36. 

35 And Husham died, and Hadad the son of Bedad, (who smote 
Midian in the field of Moab,) reigned in his stead : and the name of 
his city was Avith. 

X n in., chap. 22. 

1 And the children of Israel set forward, and pitched in the 
plains of Moab on this side Jordan by Jericho. 

2 And Balak the son of Zippor saw all that Israel had done 
to the Amorites. 

3 And Moab was sore afraid of the people, because they were 
many : and Moab was distressed because of the children of Israel. 

4 And Moab said unto the elders of Midian, Now shall this com- 
pany lick up all that are round about us, as the ox licketh up the 
grass of the field. And Balak the son of Zippor was king of the 
Moabites at that time. 

Numbers, chap. 24. 

17 I shall see him, but not now : I shall behold him, but not 
nigh : there shall come a Star out of Jacob, and a Sceptre shall rise 
out of Israel, and shall smite the corners of Moab, and destroy all 
the children of Sheth. 

Judges, chap. 3. 

12 And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of 
the Lord : and the Lord strengthened Eglon the king of Moab 
against Israel, because they had done evil in the sight of the Lord. 

Judges, chap. 11. 

18 Then they went along through the wilderness, and compassed 
the land of Edom, and the land of Moab, and came by the east side 
of the land of Moab, and pitched on the other side of Arnon, but 
came not within the border of Moab : for Arnon was the border of 
Moab. 

Ruth, chap. 1. 

1 Now it came to pass in the days when the judges ruled, that 
there was a famine in the land. And a certain man of Beth-lehem- 



32 



Hand Book for 



judah went to sojourn in the country of Moab, he, and his wife, 

and his two sons. 

4 And they took them wives of the women of Moab ; the name 
of one was Orpah, and the name of the other Ruth : and they dwelt 
there about ten years. 

I. Samuel, cliap. 22. 

3 And David went thence to Mizpeh of Moab: and he said 
unto the king of Moab, Let my father and my mother, I pray thee, 
come forth, and be with you, till I know what God will do for me. 

4 And he brought them before the king of Moab: and they dwelt 
with him all the while that David was in the hold. 

II. Samuel, chap. 8. 

2 And he smote Moab, and measured them with a line, casting 
them down to the ground ; even with two lines measured he to put 
to death, and with one full line to keep alive. And so the Moabites 
became David's servants, and brought gifts. 

II. Kings, chap. 1. 

1 Then Moab rebelled against Israel after the death of Ahab. 

Isa., chap. 16. 

2 For it shall be, that, as a wandering bird cast out of the nest, so 
the daughters of Moab shall be at the fords of Arnon 

Isa., chap. 25. 

10 For in this mountain shall the hand of the Lord rest, and 
Moab shall be trodden down under him, even as straw is trodden 
down for the dunghill. 

Jeremiah, chap. 4S. 

9 Give wings unto Moab, that it may flee and get away: for the 
cities thereof shall be desolate, without any to dwell therein. 

46 Woe be unto thee, O Moab ! the people of Chemosh perisheth: 
for thy sons are taken captives, and thy daughters captives. 

47 1f Yet will 1 bring again the captivity of Moab in the latter 
days, saith the Lord. Thus far is the judgment of Moab. 

Ezekiel, chap. 25. 

11 And I will execute judgments upon Moab ; and they shall 
know that I am the Lord. 



Model of Palestine. 



33 



TKIBAL DIVISIONS. 

In the designation of tribal allotments, the Model is 
not intended to do much more than indicate about where 
the several portions were located. The best reference 
that can be made is to the original and better record, the 
Bible. 

Says Hitter : " Josephus, with his learning and advan- 
tages, was unable to define tribal boundaries, and falls 
much short of the description in the book of Joshua." 

Says Rev. W. M. Thompson : " It is now absolutely 
impossible to draw lines around the separate lots, with 
any degree of certainty. Their general position with re- 
lation to each other, however, can be ascertained with 
sufficient exactness for all important purposes in the study 
of biblical geography. 

Rev. Rabbi Schwartz writes : " But it is impossible at 
present to designate with absolute correctness, the precise 
boundary lines of every tribe." 



ASHER 

Tlie word signifies " happy." 

This district now abounds in olive orchards, flourishing 
vineyards, and rich pastures. The wheat grown here, is 
not any where excelled in quality ; and the olive oil is 
notably fine and abundant. Apparently not a hundredth 
of the former number of inhabitants occupy its places. 

Says Prof. Osborn: "Perhaps there is no country of 
equal size w T here agricultural, mineral, and commercial 
advantages exist in a greater degree than in this district." 



34 



Hand Book for 



BIBLE REFERENCES. 

PARENTAGE. 
Gen., chap. 35. 

26 And the sons of Zilpah, Leah's handmaid ; Gad, and Asher. 
These are the sons of Jacob, which were bora to him in Padan-aram. 

Jacob's blessing. 

Gen., chap. 49. 

20 1f Out of Asher his bread shall be fat, and he shall yield royal 
dainties. 

NUMBER OF FAMILIES ENTERING CANAAN. 

Num., chap. 26. 

47 These are the families of the sons of Asher according to those 
that were numbered of them ; who were fifty and three thousand 
and four hundred. 

MOSES' BLESSING. 
I>eut, ? chap. 33. 

24 % And of Asher he said, Let Asher be blessed with children ; 
let him be acceptable tohis brethren, and let him dip his foot in oil. 

25 Thy shoes shall be iron and brass ; and as thy days, so shall 
thy strength be. 

DESCRIPTION OF INHERITANCE. 
Josh., chap. 19. 

24 % And the fifth lot came out for the tribe of the children of 
Asher according to their families. 

25 And their border was Helkath, and Hali, and Beten, and 
Achshaph, 

26 And Alammelech, and Amad, and Misheal ; and reacheth to 
Carmel westward, and to Shihor-libnath ; 

27 And turneth toward the sun-rising to Beth-dagon, and 
reacheth to Zebulun, and to the valley of Jiphthah-el toward the 
north side of Beth-emek, and Neiel, and goeth out to Cabul on the 
left hand, 

28 And Hebron, and Rehob, and Hammon, and Kanah, even 
unto great Zidon ; 

29 And then the coast turneth to Ramah, and to the strong city 
Tyre ; and the coast turneth to Hosah : and the out-goings thereof 
are at the sea from the coast to Achzib : 

30 Ummah also, and Aphek, and Rehob: twenty and two cities 
with their villages. 



Model of Palestine. 



35 



81 This i.s the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Asher 
according to their families, these cities with their villages. 

ASSISTED AT THE CORONATION OF KING DAVID. 
I. Cliron., ciiap. 12. 

ott And of Asher, such as went forth to battle, expert in war, 
forty thousand. 

ILLUSTRIOUS DESCENDANT. 
Luko, chap. 2. 

36 And there was one Anna, a prophetess, the daughter of 
Phanuel, of the tribe of Aser : she was of a great age, and had 
lived with a husband seven years from her virginity ; 

37 And she teas a widow of about four-score and four years, 
which departed not from the temple, but served God with fastings 
and prayers night and day. 



BENJAMIN. 

{Son of the right Jiand.) 

The lot of Benjamin was between the shoulders 
(Judah and Joseph) of Israel. His habitations were 
rocky fastnesses, ready made cities, and fertile fields. The 
mountain passes, both toward the east and the west, 
w T ere in his portion. The land is still productive where 
tilled, and the many ruins speak of a former greatness. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

PARENTAGE. 
Gen., chap. 35. 

2\ The sons of Rachel ; Joseph, and Benjamin : 

Jacob's blessing. 

Gen., chap. 49. 

27 Benjamin shall raven as a wolf ; in the morning he shall 
devour the prey, and at night he shall divide the spoil. 



36 



Hand Book for 



NUMBER OF FAMILIES ENTERING CANAAN. 

Num., chap. 26. 

41 These are the sons of Benjamin after their families : and they 
that were numbered of them were forty and five thousand and six 
hundred. 

MOSES* BLESSING. 

Beat., chap. 33. 

12 \ And of Benjamin he said, The beloved of the Lord shall 
dwell in safety by him ; and the LORD shall cover him all the day 
long, and he shall dwell between his shoulders. 

DESCRIPTION OF INHERITANCE 
Josh., chap. IS. 

11 | And the lot of the tribe of the children of Benjamin came 
up according to their families: and the coast of their lot came 
forth between the children of Judah and the children of Joseph. 

12 And their border on the north side was from Jordan ; and 
the border went up to the side of Jericho on the north side, and 
went up through the mountains westward; and the goings out 
thereof were at the wilderness of Beth-aven. 

13 And the border went over from thence toward Luz, to the 
side of Luz (which is Beth-el) southward ; and the border descended 
to Ataroth-adar, near the hill that lieth on the south side of the 
nether Beth-horon. 

14 And the border was drawn thence, and compassed the 
corner of the sea southward, from the hill that lieth before Beth- 
horon southward ; and the goings out thereof were at Kirjath-baal 
(which is Kirjath-jearini) a city of the children of Judah. This was 
the west quarter. 

15 And the south quarter was from the end of Kirjath-jearim, 
and the border went out on the west, and went out to the well of 
waters of Nephtoah : 

1G And the border came down to the end of the mountain that 
lieth before the valley of the son of Hinnom, and which is in the 
valley of the giants on the north, and descended to the valley of 
Hinnom, to the side of Jebusi, on the south, and descended to 
En-rogel. 

17 And was drawn from the north, and went forth to En- 
shemesh, and went forth toward Geliloth, which is over against the 
going up of Adummim, and descended to the stone of Bohan the 
son of Reuben. 

18 And passed along toward the side over against Arabah north- 
ward, and went down unto Arabah : 

19 And the border passed along to the side of Beth-hoglah 
northward : and the out -goings of the border were at the north bay 
of the salt-sea at the south end of Jordan. This was the south coast. 



Model of Palestine. 



37 



20 And Jordan was the border of it on the east side. This was 
the inheritance of the children of Benjamin, by the coasts thereof 
round about, according to their families. 

21 Now the cities of the tribe of the children of Benjamin 
according to their families, were Jericho, and Beth-hoglah, and the 
valley of Keziz, 

22 And Beth-arabah, and Zemaraim, and Beth-el, 

23 And A vim, and Parah, and Ophrah, 

24 And Chephar-haammonai, and Ophni, and Gaba; twelve 
cities with their villages : 

25 Gibeon, and Raman, and Beeroth, 

26 And Mizpeh, and Chephirah, and Mozah, 

27 And Rekem, and Irpeel, and Taralah, 

28 And Zelah, Eleph, and Jebusi, (which is Jerusalem) Gibeath, 
and Kirjath ; fourteen cities with their villages. This is the in- 
heritance of the children of Benjamin according to their families. 

ASSISTED IN THE CORONATION OF KING DAVID. 
I. Chron., chap. 12. 

29 And of the children of Benjamin, the kindred of Saul, three 
thousand : for hitherto the greatest part of them had kept the ward 
of the house of Saul. 

ILLUSTRIOUS DESCENDANTS, 

KING SAUL. 

I. Samuel, chap. 10. 

21 When he had caused the tribe of Benjamin to come near by 
their families, the family of Matri was taken, and Saul the son of 
Kish was taken : and when they sought him, he could not be 
found. 

THE APOSTLE PAUL. 
Philippians, chap. 3. 

5 Circumcised the eighth day, of the stock of Israel, of the 
tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew of the Hebrews ; as touching the law, 
a Pharisee. 

THE PROPHET JEREMIAH. 
Jeremiah, chap. 1. 

1 The words of Jeremiah the son of Hilkiah, of the priests that 
were in Anathoth in the land of Benjamin. 



38 



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DAK 

(Judgment.) 

Picturesque hills, valleys, and fertile plains, continue 
as such to the present time. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

PARENTAGE. 
Ocn., chap. 35. 

25 And the sons of Bilhah, Rachel's handmaid ; Dan, and 
Naphtali. 

Jacob's blessing, 

Gen., chap. 49. 

16 Dan shall judge his people, as one of the tribes of Israel. 

17 Dan shall be a serpent by the way, an adder in the path, that 
biteth the horse-heels, so that his rider shall fall backward. 

18 I have waited for thy salvation, O Lord ! 

NUMBER OF FAMILIES ENTERING CANAAN. 
Num., chap. 26. 

42 These are the sons of Dan after their families. 

43 All the families of the Shuhamites according to those that 
were numbered of them, were threescore and four thousand and 
four hundred. 

MOSES' BLESSING. 
Deut., chap. 33. 

22 \ And of Dan he said, Dan is a lion's whelp : he shall leap 
from Bashan. 

DESCRIPTION OF INHERITANCE. 
Josh., chap. 19. 

40 \ And the seventh lot came out for the tribe of the children 
of Dan according to their families. 

41 And the coast of their inheritance was Zorah, and Eshtaol, 
and Ir-shemesh, 

42 And Shaalabbin, and Ajalon, and Jethlah, 

43 And Elon, and Thimnathah, and Ekron, 

44 And Eltekeh, and Gibbethon, and Baalath, 

45 And Jehud, and Bene-berak, and Gath-rimmon, 

4(3 And Me-jarkon, and Rakkon, with the border before Japho. 



Model of Palestine. 



39 



47 And the coast of the children of Dan went out too little for 
them : therefore the children of Dan went up to fight against Le- 
shem, and took it, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and 
possessed it, and dwelt therein, and called Leshem, Dan, after the 
name of Dan their father. 

48 This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Dan 
according to their families, these cities with their villages. 

Judges, chap. 18. 

9 And they said, Arise, that we may go up against them : for we 
have seen the land, and behold, it is very good : and are ye still ? 
be not slothful to go, and to enter to possess the land. 

10 When ye go, ye shall come unto a people secure, and to a 
large land : for God hath given it into your hands ; a place where 
there is no want of anything that is in the earth. 

ASSISTED AT THE CORONATION OF KING DAVID. 

1. Chron., chap. 12. 

35 And of the Danites expert in war twenty and eight thousand 
and six hundred. 

ILLUSTEIOUS DECEffDAffT, 
SAMSON. 
Judges, chap. 13. 

24 ft And the woman bare a son, and called his name Samson ; 
and the child grew, and the Lord blessed him. 

25 And the spirit of the Lord began to move him at times in 
the camp of Dan between Zorah and Eshtaol. 



EPHRALM. 

( Very fruitful.) 

"The hills and mountains of Ephraim with their 
many groves and olive orchards; the rich valleys with 
waving grain and the luxuriant vine, still present 
scenes of strength, riches and beauty rarely exceeded." 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

PARENTAGE. 
Gen., chap. 35. 

24 The sons of Rachel, Joseph and Benjamin. 



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JACOB ADOPTS AND BLESSES EPHRAIM AND MANASSEH. 
Gen., chap. 48. 

5 And now, thy two sons, Ephraim and Manasseh, which were 
born unto thee in the land of Egypt, before I came unto thee into 
Egypt are mine : as Reuben and Simeon, they shall be mine. 

13 And Joseph took them both, Ephraim in his right hand 
toward Israel's left hand, and Manasseh in his left hand toward 
Israel's right hand, and brought them near unto him. 

14 And Israel stretched out his right hand, and laid it upon 
Ephraim's head, who was the younger, and his left hand upon 
Manasseh T s head, guiding his hands wittingly ; for Manasseh was 
the first-born. 

15 And he blessed Joseph, and said, God, before whom my 
fathers Abraham and Isaac did walk, the God which fed me all 
my life long unto this day, 

16 The Angel which redeemed me from all evil, bless the lads ; 
and let my name be named on them, and the name of my fathers 
Abraham and Isaac : and let them grow into a multitude in the 
midst of the earth. 

17 And when Joseph saw that his father laid his right hand 
upon the head of Ephraim, it displeased him ; and he held up his 
father's hand, to remove it from Ephraim's head unto Manasseh 's 
head. 

18 And Joseph said unto his father, Not so, my father; for this 
is the first-born ; put thy right nana upon his head. 

19 And his father refused, and said, I know it, my son, I know 
it: he also shall become a people, and he also shall be great: but 
truly his younger brother shall be greater than he, and his seed 
shall become a multitude of nations. 

20 And he blessed them that day, saying, In thee shall Israel 
bless, saying, God make thee as Ephraim and as Manasseh . and 
he set Ephraim before Manasseh. 

Jacob's blessing on joseph. 

Gen. chap. 49. 

22 Joseph is a fruitful bough, even a fruitful bough by a well, 
whose branches run over the wall : 

23 The archers have sorely grieved him, and shot at him, and 
hated him : 

24 But his bow abode in strength, and the arms of his hands 
were made strong by the hands of the mighty God of Jacob: (from 
thence is the Shepherd, the stone of Israel :) 

25 Even by the God of thy father, who shall help thee, and by 
the Almighty, who shall bless thee with blessings of heaven above, 
blessings of the deep that lieth under, blessings of the breasts and 
of the womb : 

26 The blessings of thy father have prevailed above the bless- 



Model op Palestine. 



41 



ings of my progenitors unto the utmost bound of the everlasting 
hills ; they shall be on the head of Joseph, and on the crown of the 
head of him that was separate from his brethren. 

NUMBER OF FAMILIES ENTERING CANAAN. 
Numbers, chap. 26. 

37 These are the families of the sons of Ephraim according to 
those that were numbered of them, thirty and two thousand and 
five hundred. These are the sons of Joseph after their families. 

MOSES' BLESSING. 
I>eut. 9 cliap. 33. 

13 % And of Joseph he said, Blessed of the Lord be his land, for 
the precious things of heaven, for the dew, and for the deep that 
coucheth beneath, 

14 And for the precious fruits brought forth by the sun, and for 
the precious things put forth by the moon. 

15 And for the chief things of the ancient mountains, and for 
the precious things of the lasting hills, 

16 And for the precious things of the earth and fulness thereof, 
and for the good will of him that dwelt in the bush : \etthe blessing 
come upon the head of Joseph, and upon the top of the head of 
him that was separated from his brethren. 

17 His glory is like the firstling of his bullock, and his horns are 
like the horns of unicorns : with them he shall push the people to- 
gether to the ends of the earth : and they are the ten thousands of 
Ephraim, and they are the thousands of Manasseh. 

DESCRIPTION OF INHERITANCE. 

Josh., chap. 14. 

4 For the children of Joseph were two tribes, Manasseh and 
Ephraim: therefore they gave no part unto the Levites in the 
land, save cities to dwell in, with their suburbs for their cattle, and 
for their substance. 

Josh., chap. 16. 

4 So the children of Joseph, Manasseh and Ephraim, took their 
inheritance. 

5 ft And the border of the children of Ephraim according to 
their families was thus : even the border of their inheritance on 
the east side ; was Ataroth-adar, unto Beth-horon the upper ; 

6 And the border went out toward the sea to Michmethah on 
the north side ; and the border went about eastward unto Taanath- 
shiloh, and passed by it on the east to Janohah ; 

7 And it went down from Janohah to Ataroth,and to Naarath, 
and came to Jericho, and went out at Jordan. 

8 The border went out from Tappuah westward unto the river 



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Kanah ; and the goings out thereof were at the sea. This is the in- 
heritance of the tribe of the children of Ephraim by their families. 

9 And the separate cities for the children of Ephraim were 
among the inheritance of the children of Manasseh, all the cities 
with their villages. 

10 And they drave not out the Canaanites that dwelt in Gezer: 
but the Canaanites dwell among the Ephraimites unto this day, 
and serve under tribute. 

ASSISTED AT THE CORONATION OF KING DAVID. 

I. Claron., chap. 12. 

30 And of the children of Ephraim twenty thousand and eight 
hundred, mighty men of valour, famous throughout the house of 
their fathers. 

ILLUSTRIOUS DESCENDANT. 

JOSHUA. 
Numbers, chap. 13. 

8 Of the tribe of Ephraim, Oshea the son of Nun. 
16 These are the names of the men which Moses sent to spy out 
the land. And Moses called Oshea the son of Nun, Jehoshua. 



GAD. 

(^1 troop; good fortune.) 

The children of Gad received the mountain, or the 
western portion of Gilead, together with the valley of 
the Jordan. 

Representations of modern travelers describe the 
country as abounding in fruit, forest and pasturage, 
and in fertile, well tilled valleys. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

PARENTAGE. 
Gen., chap. 35. 

26 And the sons of Zilpah, Leah's handmaid; Gad, and Asher. 
These are the sons of Jacob, which were bom to him in Padan-aram, 



Model of Palestine. 



43 



Jacob's blessing. 

Ocii., chap. 49. 

19 Gad, a troop shall overcome him : but he shall overcome 
at the last. 

NUMBER OF FAMILIES ENTERING CANAAN. 

Numbers, chap. 26. 

18 These are the families of the children of Gad, according to 
those that were numbered of them, forty thousand and five 
hundred. 

MOSES' BLESSING. 
Deut., chap. 33. 

20 And of Gad he said, Blessed be he that enlargeth Gad : he 
dwelleth as a lion, and teareth the arm with the crown of the 
head. 

21 And he provided the first part for himself, because there in 
a portion of the lawgiver was lie seated : and he came with the 
heads of the people, he executed the justice of the Lord, and his 
judgments with Israel. 

DESCRIPTION OF INHERITANCE. 
I>eut., chap. 3. 

16 And unto the Reubenites and unto the Gadites I gave from 
Gilead even unto the river Anion, half the valley, and the border, 
even unto the river Jabbok, which is the border of the children of 
Amnion ; 

17 The plain also, and Jordan, and the coast thereof, from Chin- 
nereth even unto the sea of the plain, even the salt sea, under Ash- 
doth -pisgah eastward. 

Joshua, chap. 13. 

24 And Moses gave inheritance unto the tribe of Gad, even unto 
the children of Gad according to their families. 

25 And their coast was Jazer, and all the cities of Gilead, and 
half the land of the children of Amnion, unto Aroer that is before 
Rabbah ; 

26 And from Heshbon unto Ramath-mizpeh, and Betonim; 
and from Mahanaim unto the border of Debir ; 

27 And in the valley, Beth-aram, and Beth-nimrah, and Suc- 
coth, and Zaphon, the rest of the kingdom of Sihon king of Hesh- 
bon, Jordan and his border, even unto the edge of the sea of Chin- 
nereth on the other side Jordan eastward. 

23 This is the inheritance of the children of Gad alter their 
families, the cities, and their villages. 



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ASSISTED AT THE CORONATION OF KING DAVID. 
I. Chron., chap. 12. 

8 And of the Gadites there separated themselves unto David 
into the hold to the wilderness men of might, and men of war fit 
for the battle, that could handle shield and buckler, whose faces 
were like the faces of lions, and were as swift as the roes upon the 
mountains ; 

14 These were of the sons of Gad, captains of the host : one of 
the least tvas over an hundred, and the greatest over a thousand. 

15 These are they that went over Jordan in the first month, 
when it had overflown all his banks; and they put to flight all 
them of the vallej r s, both toward the east, and toward the west. 

87 And on the other side of Jordan, of the Reubenites, and the 
Gadites, and of the half-tribe of Manasseh, with all manner of 
instruments of war for the battle, an hundred and twenty 
thousand. 

ILLUSTRIOUS DESCENDANTS.* 

JEPHTHAH. 

Judges, chap. 11. 

29 Then the Spirit of the Lord came upon Jephthah, and he 
passed over Gilead, and Manasseh, and passed over Mizpeh of 
Gilead, and from Mizpeh of Gilead he passed over unto the children 
of Ammon. 

BARZILLAI. 
II. Samuel, chap. 19. 

31 And Barzillai the Gileadite came down from Rogelim, and 
went over Jordan with the king, to conduct him over Jordan. 

32 Now Barzillai was a very aged man, even fourscore years old: 
and he had provided the king of sustenance while he lay at 
Mahanaim ; for he was a very great man. 



*Note. — It is thought by many that both Jehu and the prophet 
Elijah were descendants of Gad. 



Model of Palestine. 



45 



ISSACHAR. 

{Hire , recompense.) 

The plains which came to the lot of Issachar are un- 
rivaled in fertility. They lie waste, and without culti- 
vation, and, save in the eastern part, without fixed in- 
habitants. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

PARENTAGE. 
Gen., chap. 35. 

23 The sons of Leah ; Reuben, Jacob's first-born, and Simeon, 
and Levi, and Judah, and Issachar, and Zebulun. 

Jacob's blessing. 

Gen., chap. 49. 

14 Issachar is a strong ass, couching down between two 
burdens : 

15 And he saw that rest was good, and the land that it was pleas- 
ant ; and bowed his shoulder to bear, and became a servant unto 
tribute. 

NUMBER OF FAMILIES ENTERING CANAAN. 

Numbers, chap. 26. 

25 These are the families of Issachar according to those that 
were numbered of them, threescore and four thousand and three 
hundred. 

MOSES' BLESSING. 
Dent., chap. 33. 

18 And of Zebulun he said, Rejoice, Zebulun, in thy going 
out ; and Issachar, in thy tents. 

19 They shall call the people unto the mountain ; there they 
shall offer sacrifices of righteousness : for they shall suck of the 
abundance of the seas, and of treasures hid in the sand. 

DESCRIPTION OF INHERITANCE. 
Josh., chap. 19. 

17 ^ And the fourth lot came out to Issachar, for the children of 
Issachar according to their families. 

18 And their border was toward Jezreel, and Chesulloth, and 
Shunem, 



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19 And Haphraim, and Shihon, and Anaharath, 

20 And Rabbith, and Kishion, and Abez. 

21 And Remeth, and En-gannim, and En-haddah, and Beth- 

pazzez ; 

22 And the coast reach eth to Tabor, and Shahazimah, and 
Beth-shemesh ; and the out-goings of their border were at Jordan : 
sixteen cities with their villages. 

23 This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of lssachar 
according to their families, the cities and their villages. 

ASSISTED AT THE CORONATION OF KING DAVID. 
I. Cliron., chap. 12. 

32 And of the children of lssachar, ivhich were men that had 
understanding of the times, to know what Israel ought to do ; the 
heads of them were two hundred ; and all their brethren were at 
their commandment. 

ILLUSTEIOUS DESCENDANTS, 

TOLA. 
Judges, chap. 10. 

1 And after Abimelech there arose to defend Israel, Tola the 
son of Puah, the son of Dodo, a man of lssachar ; and he dwelt in 
Shamir in mount Ephraim. 



JUDAH. 

(The praise of the Lord.) 

The portion received by Judah, is an extensive 
domain of mountain, valley, wilderness and plain. 
Though deprived of its forests and wasted by wars and 
negligence, it still shows a capability of sustaining a 
large population. (See Judea.) 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

PARENTAGE. 
Gen., chap. 35. 

22 Now the sons of Jacob were twelve : 

23 The sons of Leah ; Reuben, Jacob's first-born, and Simeon, 
and Levi, and Judah, and lssachar, and Zebulun. 



Model of Palestine. 



47 



Jacob's blessing. 

Gen., chap. 49. 

8 Judah, thou art he whom thy brethren shall praise: thy 
hand shall be in the neck of thine enemies ; thy father's children 
shall bow down before thee. 

9 Judah is a lion's whelp : from the prey, my son, thou art 
gone up: he stooped down, he couched as a lion, and as an old 
lion ; who shall rouse him up ? 

10 The sceptre shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver 
from between his feet, until Shiloh come ; and unto him shall the 
gathering of the people be. 

11 Binding his foal unto the vine, and his ass's colt unto the 
choice vine ; he washed his garments in wine, and his clothes in 
the blood of grapes : 

12 His eyes shall be red with wine, and his teeth white with 
milk. 

NUMBER OF FAMILIES ENTERING CANAAN. 
Numbers, chap. 26. 

22 These are the families of Judah according to those that were 
numbered of them, threescore and sixteen thousand and five 
hundred. 

MOSES' BLESSING. 
Bent., chap. 33. 

7 And this is the blessing of Judah : and he said, Hear, Lord, 
the voice of Judah, and bring him unto his people ; let his hands 
be sufficient for him, and be thou an help to him from his enemies. 

DESCRIPTION OF INHERITANCE. 
Josh., chap. 15. 

1 This then was the lot of the tribe of the children of Judah by 
their families ; even to the border of Edom, the wilderness of Zin 
southward was the uttermost part of the south coast. 

2 And their south border was from the shore of the salt sea, 
from the bay that looketh southward : 

3 And it went out to the south side to Maaleh-acrabbim, and 
passed along to Zin, and ascended up on the south side unto 
Kadesh-barnea, and passed along to Hezron, and went up to Adar, 
and fetched a compass to Karkaa : 

4 From thence it passed toward Azmon, and went out unto the 
river of Egypt ; and the goings out of that coast were at the sea : 
this shall be your south coast. 

5 And the east border ivas the salt sea, even unto the end of 
Jordan : and their border in the north quarter was from the bay of 
the sea, at the uttermost part of Jordan ; 



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6 And the border went up to Beth-hogla, and passed along by 
the north of Beth-arabah ; and the border went up to the stone of 
Boh an the son of Reuben : 

7 And the border went up toward Debir from the valley of 
Achor, and so northward, looking toward Gilgal, that is before the 
going up to Adummira, which is on the south side of the river : 
and the border passed toward the waters of En-shemesh, and the 
goings out thereof were at En-rogel : 

8 And the border went up by the valley of the son of Hinnom 
unto the south side of the Jebusite; the same is Jerusalem: and 
the border went up to the top of the mountain that lieth before the 
valley of Hinnom westward, which is at the end of the valley of 
the giants northward : 

9 And the border was drawn from the top of the hill unto the 
fountain of the water of Nephtoah, and went out to the cities of 
mount Ephron; and the border was drawn to Baalah, which is 
Kirjath-jearim : 

10 And the border compassed from Baalah westward unto 
mount Seir, and passed along unto the side of mount Jearim, 
(which is Chesalon,) on the north side, and went down to Beth- 
shemesh, and passed on to Timnah : 

11 And the border went out unto the side of Ekron northward : 
and the border was drawn to Shicron, and passed along to mount 
Baalah, and went out unto Jabneel ; and the goings out of the 
border were at the sea. 

12 And the west border was to the great sea, and the coast 
thereof: this is the coast of the children of Judah round about, accor- 
ding to their families. 

ASSISTED AT THE CORONATION OF KING DAVID. 
I. Chron., chap. 12. 

24 The children of Judah that bare shield and spear were six 
thousand and eight hundred, ready armed to the war. 

ILLUSTRIOUS DESCENDANTS. 
1450 B. C. 

CALEB. 

Numbers, chap. 34. 

19 And the names of the men are these : Of the tribe of Judah, 
Caleb the son of Jephunneh. 



Note.— For cities of Judah see Joshua, chapter 15, from 21st %<) 
63d verse. 



Model of Palestine. 



49 



Josh., chap. 14. 

13 And Joshua blessed him, and gave unto Caleb the son of 
Jephunneh, Hebron tor an inheritance. 

1063 B. C. 

DAVID KING OF ISRAEL. 
I. Sam., chap. 17. 

12 Now David was the son of that Ephrathite of Beth-lehem- 
judah, whose name was Jesse ; and he had eight sons : and the 
man went among men/a?- an old man in the days of Saul. 

II. Samuel, chap. 2. 

4 And the men of Judah came, and there they anointed David 
king over the house of Judah. And they told David, saying, That 
the men of Jabesh-gilead were they that buried Saul. 

1015 B. C. 

KING- SOLOMON. 
I. Chron., chap. 28. 

4 Howbeit the Lord God of Israel chose me before all the house 
of my father to be king over Israel forever: for he hath chosen 
Judah to be the ruler; and of the house of Judah, the house of my 
father ; and among the sons of my father he liked me to make me 
king over all Israel : 

5 And of all my sons, (for the Lord hath given me many sons,) 
lie hath chosen Solomon my son to sit upon the throne of tha 
kingdom of the Lord over Israel. 

304 B. C. 

THE PROPHET DANIEL. 
I>aniel, chap. 1. 

6 Now, among these were of the children of Judah, Daniel, 
Ilananiah, Mishael, and Azariah. 

JESUS CHRIST. 

Beginning of the Christian Bra, 

Matthew, chap. 2. 

1 Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days 
of Herod the king, behold, there came wise men from the east to 
Jerusalem. 



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6 And thou Bethlehem, in the land of Juda, art not the least 
among the princes of Juda: for out of thee shall come a Gov- 
ernor, that shall rule my people Israel. 



MANASSEH. 

(The forgetful.) 

The allotment of the tribe of Manasseh was in two 
divisions, one east and the other on the west of the river 
Jordan. 

Both districts maintain a great degree of fertility. 
The western part is perhaps the most thickly populated 
district in Palestine. (See Gilead and also Samaria.) 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

PARENTAGE. 

Gen., chap. 35. 

24 The sons of Rachel ; Joseph, and Benjamin. 

Gen., chap. 46. 

20 And unto Joseph in the land of Egypt were born Manasseh 
and Ephraim, which Asenath the daughter of Poti-pherah priest 
of On bare unto him. 

ADOPTED BY JACOB. 
Oen.. chap. 48. 

5 % And now, thy two sons, Ephraim and Manasseh, which 
were born unto thee in the land of Egypt, before I came unto thee 
into Egypt, are mine ; as Reuben and Simeon, they shall be mine. 

NUMBER OF FAMILIES ENTERING CANAAN. 
Xmii., chap. 26. 

34 These are the familes of Manasseh, and those that were num- 
bered of them, fifty and two thousand and seven hundred. 



Note.— For Jacob's blessing on Joseph, Ephraim and Manasseh, 
see Gen., chapter 48, from the loth to the 20th verse, and chapter 49 r 
from the 22d to the 26th verse. Copied in Ephraim, page 40. 



Model of Palestine. 



51 



MOSES' BLESSING. 
I>eut., chap. 33. 

13 And of Joseph he said, Blessed of the Lord be his land, for 
the precious things of heaven, for the dew, and for the deep that 
concheth beneath, 

14 And for the precious fruits brought forth by the sun, and for 
the precious things put forth by the moon, 

15 And for the chief things of the ancient mountains, and for 
the precious things of the lasting hills. 

DESCRIPTION OF INHERITANCE. 
Josh., chap. 14. 

4 For the children of Joseph were two tribes, Manasseh and 
Ephraim: therefore they gave no part unto the Levites in the 
land, save cities to dwell in, with their suburbs for their cattle, and 
for their substance. 

Josh., chap. 13. 

29 If And Moses gave inheritance unto the half-tribe of Manasseh: 
and this was the possession of the half- tribe of the children of Man- 
asseh by their families. 

30 And their coast was from Mahanaim, all Bashan, all the 
kingdom of Og king of Bashan, and all the towns of Jair, which are 
in Bashan, threescore cities : 

31 And half Gilead, and Ashtaroth, and Edrei, cities of the 
kingdom of Og in Bashan, were pertaining unto the children of 
Machir the son of Manasseh, even to the one half of the children of 
Machir by their families. 

32 These are the countries which Moses did distribute for inheri- 
tance in the plains of Moab, on the other side Jordan, by Jericho, 
eastward. 

Josh., chap. 22. 

7 <[ Now to the one half of the tribe of Manasseh, Moses had 
given possession in Bashan : but unto the other half thereof gave 
Joshua among their brethren on this side Jordan westward. And 
when Joshua sent them away also unto their tents, then he blessed 
them. 

8 And he spake unto them, saying, Return with much riches 
unto your tents, and with very much cattle, with silver, and with 
gold, and with brass, and with iron, and with very much raiment: 
divide the spoil of your enemies with your brethren. 

Josh., chap. 17. 

7 <[ And the coast ol Manasseh was from Asher to Michmethah, 
that lieth before Shechem ; and the border went along on the right 
hand unto the inhabitants of En-tappuah. 



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8 Now Manasseh had the land of Tappuah : but Tappuah on 
the border of Manasseh belonged to the children of Ephraim ; 

9 And the coast descended unto the river Kanah, southward of 
the river: these cities of Ephraim are among the cities of Manas- 
seh : the coast of Manasseh also was on the north side of the river, 
and the outgoings of it were at the sea : 

10 Southward it ivas Ephraim 's, and northward it ivas Manas- 
seh's, and the sea is his border ; and they met together in Asher on 
the north, and in Issachar on the east: 

11 And Manasseh had in Issachar and in Asher Beth-shean 
and her towns, and Ibleam and her towns, and the inhabitants of 
Dor and her towns, and the inhabitants of En-dor and her towns, 
and the inhabitants of Taanach and her towns, and the inhabitants 
of Megiddo and her towns, even three countries. 

ASSISTED AT THE CORONATION OF KING DAVID. 
I. Chroxi., ctiap. 12. 

31 And of the half-tribe of Manasseh eighteen thousand, which 
were expressed by name, to come and make David king. 

ILLUSTRIOUS DESCENDANT. 
GIDEON. 
Judges, chap. 6. 

11 And there came an angel of the Lord, and sat under an 
oak which was inOphrah, that pertained unto Joash the Abi-ezrite : 
and his son Gideon threshed wheat by the wine-press, to hide it 
from the Midianites. 

14 And the Lord looked upon him, and said, Go in this thy 
might, and thou shalt save Israel from the hand of the Midianites: 
have not I sent thee ? 

15 And he said unto him, O my Lord, wherewith shall I save 
Israel ? behold, my family is poor in Manasseh, and I am the least 
in my father's house. 



NAPHTALI. 

(My wrestling.) 

A beautiful country — the Switzerland of Palestine ; 
hills, valleys and plains, charming in scenery, fertile in 
soil, romantic and wild. The very paradise of the 
hunter, teeming with animal life. 



Model of Palestine. 



53 



Says Dr. Thompson in "The Land and the Book:" 
"It is with a kind of pleasure altogether peculiar that 
one wanders over the park-like hills and through the 
solemn ravines of Naphtali. With a sort of breathless 
expectation, you dive into wild gorges, deeper and deeper, 
ever on the watch for a w r olf, wild boar, or wilder Arab, 
and are held wide-awake hour after hour, communing 
with the grand, the beautiful and the sublime." 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

PARENTAGE. 

Gen., chap. 35. 

25 And the sons of Bilhah, Rachel's handmaid: Dan, and 
Naphtali. 

Jacob's blessing. 

Gen., chap. 49. 

21 Naphtali is a hind let loose : he giveth goodly words. 

NUMBER OF FAMILIES ENTERING CANAAN. 

Num., chap. 26. 

50 These are the families of Naphtali according to their families: 
and they that were numbered of them, were forty and five thous- 
and four hundred. 

MOSES* BLESSING. 

I>eut., chap. 33. 

23 And of Naphtali he said, O Naphtali, satisfied with favour, 
and full with the blessing of the Lord, possess thou the west and 
the south. 

DESCRIPTION OF INHERITANCE. 
Josh., chap. 19. 

32 f The sixth lot came out to the children of Naphtali, even 
for the children of Naphtali according to their families. 

33 And their coast was from Heleph, from Allon to Zaannan- 
nim, and Adami, and Nekeb, and Jabneel, unto Lakum ; and the 
out-goings thereof were at Jordan: 

34 And then the coast turneth westward to Aznoth-tabor, and 
goeth out from thence to Hukkok, and reacheth to Zebulon on 



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the south side, and reacheth to Asher on the west side, and to 
Judah upon Jordan toward the sun-rising. 

35 And the fenced cities are Ziddim, Zer, and Hammath, Rak- 
kath, and Cinnereth, 

36 And Adamah, and Raman, and Hazor, 

37 And Kedesh, and Edrei, and En-hazor, 

38 And Iron, and Migdal-el, Horem, and Beth -anath, and Beth- 
shemesh ; nineteen cities with their villages. 

39 This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Naph- 
tali according to their families, the cities and their villages. 

ASSISTED AT THE CORONATION OF KING DAVID. 
I. Cliron., chap. 12. 

34 And of Naphtali a thousand captains, and with them with 
shield and spear thirty and seven thousand. 

ILLUSTRIOUS DESCENDANT, 
BARAK. 
Judges, chap. 4. 

6 And she sent and called Barak the son of Abinoam out of 
Kedesh-naphtali, and said unto him, Hath not the Lord God of 
Israel commanded, saying, Go and draw toward mount Tabor, and 
take with thee ten thousand men of the children of Naphtali and 
of the children of Zebulun. 



REUBEN". 

{A son.) 

The plains chosen by Reuben, are esteemed by the 
Arab sheep masters, above all others, for pasturage. 

The name of no priest, prophet, judge or hero, is 
found among the descendants of Reuben. Its history is 
interwoven with that of the "Two and a Half Tribes," 
until Tiglath-pileser transplants them to his own domin- 
ion, 730 B. a 



Model of Palestine. 



55 



BIBLE REFERENCES. 

PARENTAGE. 
Oen., chap. 35. 

23 The sons of Leah ; Reuben, Jacob's first-born, and Simeon, 
and Levi, and Judah, and Issachar, and Zebulun. 

Jacob's blessing. 

Gen., chap. 49. 

3 % Reuben, thou art my first- born, my might, and the begin- 
ning of my strength, the excellency of dignity, and the excellency 
of power : 

4 Unstable as water, thou shalt not excel ; because thou went- 
est up to thy father's bed ; then defiledst thou it; he went up to my 
couch. 

NUMBER OF FAMILIES ENTERING CANAAN. 
Num., chap. 26. 

7 These are the families of the Reubenites : and they that were 
numbered of them were forty and three thousand and seven 
hundred and thirty. 

MOSES' BLESSING, 
Dent., chap. 33. 

6 ft Let Reuben live, and not die ; and let not his men be few. 

DESCRIPTION OF INHERITANCE. 
Josh., chap. 13. 

15 ft And Moses gave unto the tribe of the children of Reuben 
inheritance according to their families. 

16 And their coast was from Aroer that is on the bank of the 
river Arnon, and the city that is in the midst of the river, and all 
the plain by Medeba : 

17 Heshbon, and all her cities that are in the plain j Dibon, and 
Bamoth-baal, and Beth-baal-meon, 

18 And Jahaza, and Kedemoth, and Mephaath, 

19 And Kirjathaim, and Sibmah, and Zarath-shahar in the 
mount of the valley, 

20 And Beth-peor, and Ashdoth-pisgah, and Beth-jeshimoth, 

21 And all the cities of the plain, and all the kingdom of Sihon 
king of the Amorites, which reigned in Heshbon, whom Mosea 
-smote with the princes of Midian, Evi, and Rekem, and Zur, and 
Hur, and Reba, which were dukes of Sihon, dwelling in the country. 

22 \ Balaam also the son of Beor, the soothsayer, did the 



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children of Israel slay with the sword among them that were slain 
by them. 

23 And the border of the children of Reuben was Jordan, and 
the border thereof. This was the inheritance of the children of 
Reuben, after their families, the cities and the villages thereof. 

ASSISTING AT THE CORONATION OF KING DAVID. 
I. Chron., chap. 12. 

37 And on the other side of Jordan, of the Reubenites, and the 
Gadites, and of the half tribe of Manasseh, with ail manner of 
instruments of war for the battle, a hundred and twenty thousand. 



SIMEOK 

(Attention, obedience.) 

The tribe of Simeon received a number of cities, 
with the villages and lands adjacent, located in the 
southern part of the allotment to the tribe of Judah. 
"Many from the tribe afterwards became scribes, or pro- 
fessional writers, teachers, and perhaps accountants/' 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

PARENTAGE. 
Gen., chap. 35. 

23 The sons of Leah, Reuben, Jacob's first-born, and Simeon, 
and Levi, and Judah, and Issachar, and Zebulun. 

Jacob's blessing. 

Gen., chap. 49. 

5 Simeon and Levi are brethren ; instruments of cruelty are 
in their habitations. 

C O my soul, come not thou into their secret ; unto their as- 
sembly, mine honour, be not thou united : for in their anger they 
slew a man, and in their self-will they digged down a wall. 

7 Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce ; and their wrath, for it 
was cruel : I will divide them in Jacob, and scatter them in Israel. 



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57 



NUMBER OF FAMILIES ENTERING CANAAN. 

Num.. chap. 26. 

14 These are the families of the Simeonites, twenty and two 
thousand and two hundred. 

DESCRIPTION OF INHERITANCE. 
Josh., chap. 19. 

1 And the second lot came forth to Simeon, even for the tribe of the 
children of Simeon according to their families: and their inherit- 
ance was within the inheritance of the children of Judah. 

2 And they had in their inheritance, Beer-sheba, and Sheba, 
and Moladah, 

3 And Hazar-shual, and Balah, and Azem, 

4 And Eltolad, and Bethul, and Hormah, 

5 And Ziklag, and Beth-marcaboth, and Hazar-susah, 

6 And Beth-lebaoth, and Sharuhen ; thirteen cities and their 
villages: 

7 Ain, Reramon, and Ether, and Ashan ; four cities and their 
villages : 

8 And all the villages that were round about these cities to 
Baalath-beer, Ramath, of t he south. This is the inheritance of the 
tribe of the children of Simeon according to their families. 

9 Out of the portion of the children of Judah was the inherit- 
ance of the children of Simeon : for the part of the children of Ju- 
dah was too much for them : therefore the children of Simeon had 
their inheritance within the inheritance of them. 

ASSISTING AT THE CORONATION OF KING DAVID. 

1. Chron., chap. 12. 

25 Of the children of Simeon, mighty men of valour for the 
war, seven thousand and one hundred. 



ZEBULUN. 

(Dwelling.) 

The beautiful plain of Raman, el Buttauf and much 
of Esdraelon, with the rounded hills westward, wereZeb- 
ulun's inheritance. These luxuriant meadows attest at 
this day the uncommon fertility of the soil, by an al- 
most forest growth of rank thistles and weeds. Only a 



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small portion is cultivated, and permanent inhabitants 
are few in number. 



PARENTAGE. 
Gen., cliap. 35. 

23 The sons of Leah ; Reuben, Jacob's first-born, and Simeon, 
and Levi, and Judah, and Issachar, and Zebulun. 

Jacob's blessing. 

Gen., chap. 49. 

13 f Zebulun shall dwell at the haven of the sea ; and he shall be 
for a haven of ships ; and his border shall be unto Zidon. 

NUMBER OF FAMILIES ENTERING CANAAN. 
Num.. chap. 26. 

27 These are the families of the Zebulunites according to those 
that were numbered of them, threescore thousand and five 
hundred, 

MOSES' BLESSING. 
Deut.. chap. 33. 

18 % And of Zebulun he said, Rejoice, Zebulun, in thy going 
out ; and, Issachar, in thy tents. 

19 They shall call the people unto the mountain ; there they 
shall offer sacrifices of righteousness : for they shall suck of the 
abundance of the seas, and of treasures hid in the sand. 

DESCRIPTION OF INHERITANCE. 
Josh., chap. 19. 

10 f And the third lot came up for the children of Zebulun 
according to their families; and the border of their inheritance 
was unto Sarid : 

11 And their border went up toward the sea, and Maralah, and 
reached to Dabbasheth, and reached to the river that is before 
Jokneam ; 

12 And turned from Sarid eastward, toward the sun-rising, unto 
the border of Chisloth-tabor, and then goeth out to Daberath, and 
goeth up to Japhia, 

13 And from thence passeth on along on the east to Gittah- 
hepher, to Ittah-kazin, and goeth out to Remmon-methoar to 
.Neah ; 



Model op Palestine. 



59 



14 And the border compasseth it on the north side to Hanna- 
thon : and the out-goings thereof are in the 4 valley of Jiphthah-el : 

15 And Kattath, and Nahallal, and Shimron, and Idalah, and 
Beth-lehem ; twelve cities with their villages. 

16 This is the inheritance of the children of Zebulun according 
to their families, these cities with their villages. 

ASSISTING AT THE CORONATION OF KING DAVID. 

I. Chron., chap. 12. 

33 Of Zebulun, such as went forth to battle, expert in war, with 
all instruments of war, fifty thousand, which could keep rank : 
they were not of double heart. 

ILLUSTEIOUS DESCENDANTS. 
ELON. 
Judges, chap. 12. 

11 And after him Elon, a Zebulonite, judged Israel ; and he 
judged Israel ten years. 

12 And Elon the Zebulonite died, and was buried in Aijalon 
in the country of Zebulun. 

862 B. C. 

JONAH THE PROPHET. 

II. Kings, chap. 14. 

25 He restored the coast of Israel from the entering of Hamath 
unto the sea of the plain, according to the word of the Lord God 
of Israel, which he spake by the hand of his servant Jonah, the son 
of Amittai, the prophet, which was of Gath-hepher. 



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NATURAL FEATURES. 



MOUNTAINS, PLAINS, RIVERS, AND 
LAKES. 



MOUNTAINS. 

The reference figures on the model are painted black 
and placed on the prominences named. 

00.* mount carmel. 

( Vineyard of God.) 

Mount Carmel presents many features of interest to 
the antiquarian, the naturalist and the Bible student. 
This ridge is clothed in forest, flower and shrub, which 
were anciently, as now, elements of its famed beauty. 
On all sides are many little valleys and quiet nooks, most 
of which are favored with a spring of water. It has 
caves without number ; and some of them are frequently 
inhabited. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josh., chap. 12. 

22 The king of K esh, one ; the king of Jokneam of Carmel, 
one. 

Josh., chap. 19. 

26 And Alammelech, and Amad,and Misheal ; and reach eth to 
Carmel westward, and to Shihor-libnath. 

I. Kings, chap. IS. 

19 Now therefore send, and gather to me all Israel unto mount 



"Characters on the left refer to like characters on the Model. 

i 



Model of Palestine. 



61 



Carmel, and the prophets of Baal four hundred and fifty, and the 
prophets of the groves four hundred, which eat at Jezebel's table. 

20 So Ahab sent unto all the children of Israel, and gathered 
the prophets together unto mount Carmel. 

42 So Ahab went up to eat and to drink. And Elijah went up to 
the top of Carmel ; and he cast himself down upon the earth, and 
put his face between his knees. 

II. King's, chap. 2. 

25 And he went from thence to mount Carmel, and from thence 
he returned to Samaria. 

II. Kings, chap. 4. 

25 So she went and came unto the man of God to mount Car- 
mel. And it came to pass, when the man of God saw her afar off, 
that he said to Gehazi his servant, Behold, yonder is that Shunam- 
mite. 

II. Kings, chap. 19. 

23 By thy messengers thou hast reproached the Lord, and hast 
said, With the multitude of my chariots I am come up to the 
height of the mountains, to the sides of Lebanon, and will cut 
down the tall cedar-trees thereof, and the choice fir-trees thereof: 
and I will enter into the lodgings of his borders, and into the 
forest of his Carmel. 

Song of Solomon, chap. 7. 

5 Thy head upon thee is like Carmel, and the hair of thy head 
like purple ; the King is held in the galleries. 

Isaiah, chap. 33. 

9 The earth mourneth and languisheth : Lebanon is ashamed 
and hewn down: Sharon is like a wilderness; and Bashan and 
Carmel shake off their fruits, 

Isaiah, chap. 35. 

2 It shall blosom abundantly, and rejoice, even with joy and 
singing : the glory of Lebanon shall be given unto it, the excel- 
lency of Carmel and Sharon, they shall see the glory of the Lord, 
and the excellency of our God. 

Isaiah, chap. 37. 

24 By thy servants hast thou reproached the Lord, and hast 
said, By the multitude of my chariots am I come up to the height 
of the mountains, to the sides of Lebanon ; and I will cut down the 
tall cedars thereof, and the choice fir-trees thereof: and I will enter 
into the height of his border, and the forest of his Carmel, 



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Jeremiah, chap. 46. 

18 As I live, saith tlie King, whose name is The Lord of hosts, 
Surely as Tabor is among the mountains, and as Carmel by the sea, 
so shall he come. 

Jeremiah, cliap. 50. 

19 And I will bring Israel again to his habitation, and he shall 
feed on Carmel and Bashan, and his soul shall be satisfied upon 
mount Ephraini and Giiead. 

Amos, chap. 1. 

2 And he said, The Lord will roar from Zion, and utter his 
voice from Jerusalem ; and the habitations of the shepherds shall 
mourn, and the top of Canael shall wither. 

Amos, chap. 9. 

3 And though they hide themselves in the top of Carmel, I will 
search and take them out thence; and though they be hid from 
my sight in the bottom of the sea, thence will I command the ser- 
pent, and he shall bite them. 

Micah, chap. 7. 

11 Feed thy people with thy rod, the flock of thy heritage, 
which dwell solitarily in the wood, in the midst of Carmel: let 
them feed in Bashan and Gilead, as in the days of old. 

Xahiim, chap. 1. 

4 He rebuketh the sea, and maketh it dry, and drieth up all the 
rivers : Bashan languisheth, and Carmel, and the flower of Leban- 
on languisheth. 

1. WHITE CAPE, 

OR 

PROMONTORY ALBUM. 

Here are seen on every side evidences of a once dense 
population. 

2. LADDER OF TYRE, 

OR 

RAS EN NAKURA. 



A rugged ridge, crowded with ruins of ancient cities. 



Model of Palestine. 



63 



3. HEIGHTS OF RAMA. 

Worthy of notice for the magnificent views to be ob- 
tained from the summit. 

4. MOUNT ADATHIR, 

AJSD 

5. MOUNT JERMUK, 

Are little known except as high points, perhaps the 
highest in western Palestine. 

6. MOUNT KURN HATTIN. 

(Horn of a saddle.) 

The plain on the east near the foot of this little moun- 
tain, was the field of a decisive battle in the war of the 
Crusades. This hill is favored in tradition as being the 
place where Christ's "Sermon on the Mount" w r as given, 
and seems to be well adapted to answer all requirements 
of the narrative. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Mat., chap. 5. 

1 And seeing the multitudes, he went up into a mountain : and 
when he was set, his disciples came unto him : 

2 And he opened his mouth and taught them, saying, 

3 Blessed are the poor in spirit : for theirs is the kingdom of 
heaven. 

4 Blessed are they that mourn : for they shall be comforted. 

Luke, chap. 6. 

12 And it came to pass in those days, that he went out into a 
mountain to pray, and continued all night in prayer to God. 

17 f And he came down with them, and stood in the plain; 
and the company of his disciples, and a great multitude of people 
out of all Judea and Jerusalem, and from the sea-coast of Tyre and 
Sidon, which came to hear him, and to be healed of their diseases. 



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7. mount tabor. 

{Choice, purity.) 

The location and form render this the most beautiful 
mountain of Palestine. Its summit bears ancient ruins 
of a city and fortress, and the sides are clothed in 
verdure. Though standing in view of Nazareth, and 
the sea of Galilee, no reference is made to mount Tabor 
in the New Testament. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Joshua, eliap. 19. 

22 And the coast reach eth to Tabor, and Shahazimah, and 
Beth-shemesh ; and the outgoings of their border were at Jordan : 
sixteen cities with their villages. 

Judges, chap. 4. 

6 And she sent and called Barak the son of Abinoam out of 
Kedesh-naphtali, and said unto him, Hath not the Lord God of 
Israel commanded, saying, Go, and draw toward mount Tabor, and 
take with thee ten thousand men of the children of Xaphtali, and 
of the children of Zebulun ; 

12 And they shewed Sisera that Barak the son of Abinoam was 
gone up to mount Tabor. 

14 And Deborah said unto Barak, Up; for this is the day in 
which the Lord hath delivered Sisera into thine hand : is not the 
Lord gone out before thee ? So Barak went down from mount 
Tabor, and ten thousand men after him. 

Judges, chap. 8. 

18 ( Then said he unto Zebah and Zalmunna, What manner of 
men were they whom ye slew at Tabor? And they answered, As 
thou art, so were they ; each one resembled the children of a king. 

Psalm 89. 

12 The north and the south thou hast created them: Tabor and 
Hermon shall rejoice in thy name. 

Jeremiah, chap. 46. 

15 As I live, saith the King, whose name is The Lord of hosts, 
Surely as Tabor is among the mountains, and as Carmel by the sea, 
so shall he come. 



Model op Palestine. 



65 



Hosea, chap. 5. 

1 Hear ye this, O priests ; and hearken, ye house of Israel; and 
give ye ear, O house of the king ; for judgment is toward you, be- 
cause ye have been a snare on Mizpah, and a net spread upon 
Tabor. 

8. MOUNT LITTLE HERMON, 

A shapeless mass of volcanic rock, sterile and forbid- 
ding. Nain, Endor and Shunem lie among its foot hills, 

9. MOUNT GILBOA. 

" Mount Gilboa is rough and precipitous toward the 
north; on the south it is little more than an elevated, un- 
even plain " partially adapted to grazing and tillage, 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

I, Samuel, chap. 28, 

4 And the Philistines gathered themselves together, and carme 
and pitched in Shunem : and Saul gathered all Israel together, and 
they pitched in Gilboa. 

I. Samuel, chap. 31. 

1 Now the Philistines fought against Israel : and the men of 
Israel fled from before the Philistines, and fell down slain in niount 
Gilboa. 

8 And it eame to pass on the morrow, when the Philistines 
came to strip the slain, that they found Saul and his three sons 
fallen in mount Gilboa. 

II. Samuel, chap. 1. 

6 And the young man that told him said, As I happened by 
chance upon mount Gilboa, beheld, Saul leaned upon his spear; 
and lo, the chariots and horsemen followed hard after him. 

21 Ye mountains of Gilboa, let tliere be no dew, neither let there 
6erain upon you, nor fields of offerings; for there the shield of the 
mighty is vilely cast away, the shield of Saul, as though he had not 
been anointed with oiL 

II. Samuel, chap. 21* 

12 And David went and took the bones of Saul and the bones 
of Jonathan his son from the men of Jabesh-gilead, which had 



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stolen them from the street of Beth-shan, where the Philistines 
had hanged them, when the Philistines had slain Saul in Gilboa. 

I. Cliron., chap. 10. 

1 Now the Philistines fought against Israel; and the men of 
Israel fled from before the Philistines, and fell down slain in mount 
Gilboa. 

2 And the Philistines followed hard after Saul, and after his 
sons, and the Philistines slew Jonathan, and Abinadab, and 
Malchi-shua, the sons of Saul. 

3 And the battle went sore against Saul, and the archers hit 
him, and he was wounded of the archers. 

4 Then said Saul to his armour-bearer, Draw thy sword, and 
thrust me through therewith, lest these uncircumcised come and 
abuse me. But his armour-bearer would not ; for he was sore 
afraid. So Saul took a sword, and fell upon it. 

5 And when his armour-bearer saw that Saul Avas dead, he fell 
likewise on the sword, and died. 

6 So Saul died, and his three sons, and all his house died to- 
gether. 

7 And when all the men of Israel that were in the valley saw 
that they fled, and that Saul and his sons were dead, then they 
forsook their cities, and fled : and the Philistines came and dwelt 
in them. 

8 1[ And it came to pass on the morrow, when the Philistines 
came to strip the slain, that they found Saul and his sons fallen in 
mount Gilboa. 

MOUNT AJLON 

AND 

MOUNT GILEAD. 
{Rocky.) 

The mountains of Gilead and Ajlon have a singularly 
uniform appearance, as of a wall, when seen from the 
heights of Samaria. There are, however, many beauti- 
ful and fertile valleys and little plains interspersed here 
and there, which are very productive. * ■ They abound/' 
says Schwarz, 4 4 in oak forests, with many groves of pine 
and varieties of fruit trees." 

Says a distinguished traveler: "The mountains rise 
from the valley of the Jordan to the height, it is believed, 
of two or three thousand feet, and this gives them when 



10. 
11. 



Model of Palestine. 



67 



seen from the western side, the appearance of a much 
greater actual elevation than they really possess: as 
though they rose high above the mountains of J udea, on 
which the spectator stands." 

12. MOUNT EBAL 

AND 

13. MOUNT GERIZIM. 

These mountains occupy a nearly central position be- 
tween the river Jordan and the Mediterranean Sea; 
also, between Jerusalem and Nazareth, and between He- 
bron, the home of Abraham and place of Isaac's child- 
hood, and Capernaum the home of Christ. 

The district near this central spot,* thus marked by 
nature, w T as distinguished as the place of the first altar 
erected by Abraham within the Land of Promise, 
as the purchased possession of Jacob, and as the site of 
the first altar built by Joshua. Here also were imposing 
ceremonies of divine appointment and acceptance ; and 
here Christ visited and " abode two days." 

The mountains are very similar in appearance, but 
careful measurements decide Ebal to be the higher. Says 
President Olin : 4 i Mount Ebal may be less elevated than 
Gerizim by one hundred feet or more, still there is con- 
siderable resemblance in their general features." 

"Mount Ebal lies opposite Gerizim, and is nearly equal 
to it in height." — Murray's Hand Booh. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Deut, chap. 33. 

17 His glory is like the firstling of his bullock, and his horns are 
like the horns of unicorns : with them he shall push the people to- 
gether to the ends of the earth : and they are the ten thousands of 
Ephraim,^md they are the thousands of Manasseh. 



"See Plain of Moreh. 



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Dent., clinp. 11. 

29 And it shall come to pass when the Lord thy God hath 
brought thee in unto the land whither thou goest to possess it, that 
thou shalt put the blessing upon mount Gerizim, and the curse up- 
on mount Ebal. 

30 Are they not on the other side Jordan, by the way where the 
sun goeth down, in the kind of the Canaanites, which dwell in 
the champaign over against Gilgal, beside the plains of Moreh? 

Dent., chap. 27. 

4 Therefore it shall be when ye be gone over Jordan, that ye 
shall set up these stones, which I command you this day, in mount 
Ebal, and thou shalt plaster them with plaster. 

11 If And Moses charged the people the same day, saying, 

12 These shall stand upon mount Gerizim to bless the people, 
when ye are come over Jordan ; Simeon, and Levi, and Judah, and 
Issachar, and Joseph, and Benjamin : 

13 And these shall stand upon mount Ebal to curse; Reuben, 
Gad, and Asher, and Zebulun, Dan, and Naphtali 

Josh., chap. 8. 

30 % Then Joshua built an altar unto the Lord God of Israel in 
mount Ebal. 

33 And all Israel, and their elders, and officers, and their 
judges, stood on this side the ark and on that side before the 
priests the Levites, which bare the ark of the covenant of the Lord, 
as well the stranger, as he that was born among them ; half of them 
over against mount Gerizim, and half of them over against mount 
Ebal ; as Moses the servant of the Lord had commanded before, 
that they should bless the people of Israel. 

Judges, chap. 9. 

7 And when they told it to Jotham, he went and stood in the 
top of mount Gerizim, and lifted up his voice, and cried, and said 
unto them, Hearken unto me, ye men of Shechem, that God may 
hearken unto you. 

John, chap. 4. 

20 Our fathers worshiped in this mountain ; and ye say, that in 
Jerusalem is the place where men ought to worship. 

21 Jesus saith unto her, Woman, believe me, the hour cometh, 
when ye shall neither in this mountain, nor yet at Jerusalem, 
worship the Father. 

22 Ye worship ye know not what : we know what we worship ; 
for salvation is of the Jews. m 

23 But the hour cometh, and now is, when the true worship- 
ers shall worship the Father in spirit and in truth : for the 
Father seeketh such to worship him. 



Model of Palestine. 



69 



24 God is a Spirit : and they that worship him must worship 
him in spirit and in truth. 

14. KURN SARTABEH. 

This prominent height is supposed to have been an- 
ciently used as a beacon point for displaying signals. It 
is looked upon by Lieut. Conder as that point in Canaan 
Avhere the altar of witness was built by the two and a 
half tribes, whose portion was the valley of the Jordan, 
and the country eastward. On its summit exist extensive 
remains of ancient masonry, both field work and struct- 
ure. 

Says Dr. Robinson : 1 ' This imposing mountain stretch- 
ing toward the south-east, far into the Ghor, contracts it 
to its narrowest limits." 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Joshua, chap. 22. 

10 And when they came unto the borders of Jordan, that are 
in the land of Canaan, the children of Reuben and the children 
of Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh built there an altar by Jor- 
dan, a great altar to see to. 

34 And the children of Reuben and the children of Gad called 
the altar Ed: for it shall be a witness between us that the Lord is 
God. 

15. MOUNT QUARANTANA. 

The eastern front of Quarantana is filled with caves 
and grottoes, almost inaccessible to the ordinary means of 
travelers. 

A little chapel, part of a kitchen, and a broken cis- 
tern, are seen among the ruins of a convent on its sum- 
mit, still occupied by a lone monk. This rock is said by 
the monks to be the wilderness wherein Christ fasted 
forty days. 



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16. mount neby samwil. 

Looking northward from Jerusalem, this conical hill is 
the most marked feature in the landscape. It is crowned 
by a mosque with its minaret, surrounded by a small 
Arab village. Here once stood the city of Mizpeh. 

. 17. FRANK MOUNTAIN. 

A traveler describes this summit as an enormous nat- 
ural mound, as " trimly turned and as steep as a hay- 
stack." Ruins lie on its summit, and around it, the 
history of which is unknown. 

This mount is doubtless the Beth-haccerem of script- 
ure, and is said to be the burial place of Herod the Great. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Jeremiah, chap. 6. 

1 O ye children of Benjamin, gather yourselves to flee out of the 
midst of Jerusalem, and blow the trumpet in Tekoa, and set up a 
sign of fire in Beth-haccerem : for evil appeareth out of the north, 
and great destruction. 

18. MOUNT PISGAH AND MOTJjNT XEBO. 

A double mountain, projecting like a promontory 
toward the west, from the elevated table-lands of Reuben. 

It is possible that from this prominence some part or 
point in the inheritance of every tribe would be visible 
on a clear day. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Numbers, chap. SI. 

20 And from Bamoth in the valley, that is in the country of 
Moab, to the top of Pisgah, which looketh toward Jeshimon. 

Numbers, chap. 23. 

14 «[ And he brought him into the field of Zophim, to the top of 
Pisgah, and built seven altars, and offered a bullock and a ram on 
every altar. 



Model of Palestine. 



71 



Numbers, chap. 32. 

88 And Nebo, and Baal-meon, (their names being changed,) 
and Shibmah : and gave other names unto the cities which they 
builded. 

Numbers, chap. 33. 

47 And they removed from Almon-diblathaim, and pitched in 
the mountains of Abarim, before Nebo. 

Dent., chap. 3. 

27 f Get thee up into the top of Pisgah, and lift up thine eyes 
westward, and northward, and southward, and eastward, and be- 
hold it with thine eyes : for thou shalt not go over this Jordan. 

I>eut. 9 chap. 4. 

49 And all the plain on this side Jordan eastward, even unto 
the sea of the plain, under the springs of Pisgah. 

Dent., chap. 32. 

48 And the Lord spake unto Moses that self -same day, saying, 

49 Get thee up into this mountain Abarim, unto mount Nebo, 
which is in the land of Moab, that is Over against Jericho ; and be- 
hold the land of Canaan, which I give unto the children of Israel 
for a possession. 

Dent., chap. 34. 

1 And Moses went up from the plains of Moab unto the 
mountain of Nebo, to the top of Pisgah, that is over against Jericho: 
and the Lord shewed him all the land of Gilead, unto Dan. 

Josh., chap. 12. 

3 And from the plain of the sea of Cinneroth on the east, and 
unto the sea of the plain, even the salt sea on the east, the way to 
JBeth-jeshimoth ; and from the south, under Ashdoth-pisgah. 

I. Chron., chap. 5. 

8 And Bela the son of Azaz, the son of Shema, the son of Joel, 
who dwelt in Aroer, even unto Nebo, and Baal-meon. 

Isa., chap. 15. 

2 He is gone up to Bajith, and to Dibon, the high places, to 
weep : Moab shall howl over Nebo, and over Medeba : on all their 
heads sJiall be baldness, and every beard cut off. 

Isaiah, chap. 46. 

1 Bel boweth down, Nebo stoopeth, their idols were upon the 
beasts, and upon the cattle: your carriages were heavy loaden; 
they are a burden to the weary beast. 



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19. MOUNT ATTARUS. 

"Mount Attarus is often taken for Nebo; it forms in- 
deed to the west fronting the Dead Sea a very high 
mount, but seen from the east, it is less prominent." 

Euins are found at two or three points upon the crest 
of the ridge. 

20. mount usdum. 
This ridge is mostly a body of rock salt. 

21. scorpion cliffs. 

A low rugged line of hills and rocks crossing the valley 
irregularly. From its base well out a number of springs 
of water, both salt and fresh. 

MOUNT OF OLIVES. 

This is a short ridge adjacent to Jerusalem on the east. 
The location renders it of interest, and its frequent men- 
tion as the resort of Christ, endears it to every Christian. 

Says Rev. J. L. Porter: "This is Olivet. It has no 
striking features ; it might be said to have no features at 
all. It is rounded, regular, colorless ; and the air is so 
clear that it seems to rise right out of the city. In the 
distance the outline is almost horizontal, but as one draws 
near it becomes wavy, and at length three tops or emi- 
nences can be distinguished." 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
II. Samuel, chap. 15. 

30 *f And David went up by the ascent of mount Olivet, and 
wept as he went up, and had his head covered, and he went bare- 
foot: and all the people that was with him covered every man his 
head, and they went up, weeping as they went up. 

I. Kings, chap. 11. 

7 Then did Solomon build an high place for Chemosh, the 



Model of Palestine. 



73 



abomination of Moab, in the hill that is before Jerusalem, and for 
Molech, the abomination of the children of Aramon, 

II. Kings, chap. 33. 

13 And the high places that were before Jerusalem, which were 
on the right hand of the mount of Corruption, which Solomon the 
king of Israel had builded for Ashtoreth the abomination of the 
Zidonians, and for Chemosh the abomination of the Moabites, and 
for Milcom the abomination of the children of Ammon, did the 
king defile. 

Nchemiah, chap. 8. 

15 And that they should publish and proclaim in all their cities, 
and in Jerusalem, saying, Go forth unto the mount, and fetch 
olive-branches, and pine-branches, and myrtle-branches, and 
palm-branches, and branches of thick trees, to make booths, as it 
is written. 

Ezekiel, chap. 11. 

23 And the glory of the Lord went up from the midst of the 
city, and stood upon the mountain which is on the east side of the 
city. 

Zech., chap. 14. 

4 And his feet shall stand in that day upon the mount of 
Olives, which is before Jerusalem on the east, and the mount of 
Olives shall cleave in the midst thereof toward the east and toward 
the west, and there shall be a very great valley ; and half the moun- 
tain shall remove toward the north, and half of it toward the 
south. 

Mat., chap. 21. 

1 And when they drew nigh unto Jerusalem, and were come to 
Bethphage, unto the mount of Olives, then sent Jesus two disci- 
ples. 

Mat., chap. 24. 

3 And as he sat upon the mount of Olives, the disciples 
came unto him privately, saying, Tell us, when shall these things 
be ? and what shall be the sign of thy coming, and of the end of the 
world ? 

Mat., chap. 26. 

30 And when they had sung a hymn, they went out into the 
mount of Olives. 

Ijuke, chap. 19. 

29 And it came to pass, when he was come nigh to Bethphage 
and Bethany, at the mount called the mount of Olives, he sent two 
of his disciples. 

37 And when he was come nigh, even now at the descent of the 



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mount of Olives, the whole multitude of the disciples began to re- 
joice and praise God with a loud voice, for all the mighty -works 
that they had seen. 

Luke, cliap. 22. 

39 And he came out, and went, as he was wont, to the mount 
of Olives ; and his disciples also followed him. 

John. chap. 8. 

1 Jesus went unto the mount of Olives. 

Acts, chap. 1. 

12 Then returned they unto Jerusalem, from the mount called 
Olivet, which is from' Jerusalem a sabbath-day's journey. 

HEIGHTS OF ABARIM. 

The name signifies passages, and refers to the lofty 
bluff rising from the eastern shore of the Dead Sea and 
forming the border of the table land of Reuben and the 
Moabites. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Xum., cliap. 27, 

12 And the Lord said unto Moses, Get thee up into this mount 
Abarim, and see the land which I have given unto the children of 
Israel. 

Num., chap. 33. 

47 And they removed from Almon-diblathaim, and pitched in 
the mountains of Abarim, before Nebo. 

48 And they departed from the mountains of Abarim, and 
pitched in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho. 

Deut., chap. 32. 

49 Get thee up into this mountain Abarim, unto mount Nebo, 
which is in the land of Moab, that is over against Jericho; and be- 
hold the land of Canaan, which I give unto the children of Israel 
for a possession. 



Model of Palestine. 



75 



PLAINS. 

Plains are designated on the model by raised figures 
colored red. 

1. PLAIN OF HULEH. 

No name is given to this plain in the Bible. The 
several streams meeting here, together with Lake Huleh, 
may have been included in the designation: ' ' the waters 
of Merom, or the high place" 

Says Wilson : * 6 The uncommon fertility of the deep 
soil renders it a granary of the surrounding tribes ; a 
fattening place for their herds, and a perfect paradise for 
the honey bee." 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Gen., chap. 14. 

14 And when Abram heard that his brother was taken captive, 
he armed his trained servants, born in his own house, three hun- 
dred and eighteen, and pursued them unto Dan. 

Josh., cliap. 11. 

5 And when all these kings were met together, they came and 
pitched together at the waters of Merom, to fight against Israel. 

Judges, chap. 18. 

9 And they said, Arise, that we may go up against them : for 
we have seen the land, and behold, it is very good : and are ye still? 
be not slothful to go, and to enter to possess the land. 

10 When ye go, ye shall come unto a people secure, and to a 
large land : for God hath given it into your hands : a place where 
there is no want of any thing that is in the earth. 

2. RAMAH. 

{High.) 

"A long winding meadow of the richest green, encircled 
by gentle hills, like a lovely picture in a frame richly 
carved." 



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3. PLAIN OF AKKA. 

A tract somewhat sandy and of ordinary fertility. It 
abounds in springs and is crossed by two rivers. 

Says Dr. Robinson: "The region south of Akka is 
apparently lower ground, affording large tracts of pastur- 
age. Here m April we saw what is not usually seen 
elsewhere in Palestine, persons occupied in mowing and 
hay making." 

This plain has been enriched by the blood of thousands 
slain in its battles. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Isaiah, chtap. 65. 

10 And Sharon shall be a fold of flocks, and the valley of Achor 
a place for the herds to lie down in, for my people that have sought 
me. 

Jeremiali, cliap. 47. 

6 O thou sword of the Lord, how long will it be ere thou be 
quiet ? put up thyself into thy scabbard, rest, and be still. 

7 How can it be quiet, seeing the Lord hath given it a charge 
against Ashkelon, and against the sea shore? there hath heap- 
pointed it. 

4. EL BUTTAUF. 

A noble plain of some fifty thousand acres, with a 
gently undulating surface. Its fertility is rarely equaled. 

5. ESDRAELOX. 

This beautiful and extensive plain is a prominent feature 
of Palestine, separating the foot hills of Lebanon from 
the table land of Samaria. An indistinct ridge or swell, 
mostly volcanic, forms the water-shed between this plain 
and the valley of the Jordan. Here every condition of 
nature is favorable to the production of an enormous 
growth of vegetation. 

Says Bitter: "This fertile plain now exhibits hardly 



Model of Palestine. 



77 



a single village, although once covered with tows and 
cities whose abundant ruins display their former number." 

The battle fields of Megiddo, Tabor, Jezreel, and the 
Kishon, were adjacent, and extended into this plain, 
parts of which were included under their several names. 

No mention of it is otherwise made in the Bible. 

6. PLAIN OF JEZREEL. 

A well watered and fertile plain, connected with sacred 
history. The name as applied in the Bible, also includes 
a portion of the level country extending westward, now 
known by the name, Esdraelon. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josii., chap. 17. 

16 And the children of Joseph said, The hill is not enough for 
us : and all the Canaanites that dwell in the land of the valley- 
have chariots of iron, both they who are of Beth-shean and her 
towns, and they who are of the valley of Jezreel. 

Hosea, chap. 1. 

5 And it shall come to pass at that day, that I will break the 
bow of Israel in the valley of Jezreel. 

7. PLAIN OF THE IIAURAN. 

A broad and highly fertile table land, without per- 
manent inhabitants. 

Says Dr. Keith : (t A colony of a million could easily 
find sustenance from its resources." 

8. THE BALK A 

Is a favorite pasture field for the wandering Arabs. It 
is desolate, without permanent inhabitants. 

9. PLAIN OF MOREH. 

This central plain is distinguished for its associations 



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with events early in history. The soil retains a measure 
of fertility, yielding fair returns for inferior cultivation. 

Says Dr. Eidgaway in " The Lord's Land : " " Here 
was decidedly the most beautiful valley we had seen in 
Palestine. The whole plain was a mass of waving grain, 
almost ripe for the harvest." 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Gen., chap. 12. 

6 And Abram passed through the land unto the place of 
Sichem, unto the plain of Moreh. And the Canaanite was then in 
the land. 

Gen., chap. 14. 

17 ft And the king of Sodom went out to meet him, after his 
return from the slaughter of Checforlaomer and of the kings that 
were with him, at the valley of Shaveth, which is the king's dale. 

Gen., chap. 22. 

2 And he said, Take now thy son, thine only son Isaac, whom 
thou lovest, and get thee into the land of Moriah ; and offer him 
there for a burnt offering upon one of the mountains which I will 
tell thee of. 

Gen,, chap. 33. 

19 And he bought a parcel of a field, where he had spread his 
tent, at the hand of the children of Hamor, Shechem's father, lor 
a hundred pieces of money. 

I>ent., chap. 11. 

30 Are they not on the other side Jordan, by the way where the 
sun goeth down, in the land of the Canaanites, which dwelt in the 
champaign over against Gilgal, beside the plains of Moron ? 

10. THE PLAIN OF SHARON. 

A favorite district, long celebrated for its beauty and 
fertility. 

" The plain of Sharon, under proper cultivation, would 
supply the entire population of Palestine with food. Still, 
by far the greater portion lies untitled, a mere pasture for 



Model of Palestine. 



79 



cattle to run over, producing little besides cucumbers 
and melons."* 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josh., chap. 12. 

18 The king of Aphek, one ; the king of Lasharon, one. 
I. Chron., chap. 27. 

29 And over the herds that fed in Sharon ivas Shitrai the Shar- 
onite : and over the herds that were in the valleys was Shaphat the 
son of Adlai. 

Song of Solomon, chap. 2. 

1 I am the rose of Sharon, and the lily of the valleys. 

Isaiah, chap. 33. 

9 The earth mourneth and languisheth: Lebanon is ashamed 
and hewn down : Sharon is like a wilderness ; and Bashan and 
Carmel shake off their fruits, 

Isaiah, chap. 35. 

2 It shall blossom abundantly, and rejoice, even with joy and 
singing : the glory of Lebanon shall be given unto it, the excel- 
lency of Carmel and Sharon, they shall see the glory oi the Lord, 
and the excellency of our God. 

Isaiah, chap. 66. 

10 And Sharon shall be a fold of flocks, and the valley of Achor 
a place for the heards to lie down in, for my people that have 
sought me. 

Acts, chap. 9. 

35 And all that dwelt in Lydda and Sharon saw him, and 
turned to the Lord. 

11. THE MARITIME PLAIN, 

OK 

LAND OF THE PHILISTINES. 

" In reality Philistia closley resembles some of the most 
beautiful regions of our own most glorious West. True, 
it lacks our fine forests, and one misses our charming 



'Wilson's Lands of the Bible. 



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country houses, with their orchards; but that is owing to 
the inhabitants.* Without manure, and with a style of 
plowing and general culture which would secure nothing 
but failure in America, this vast plain continues to pro- 
duce splendid crops every year, and this, too, be it re- 
membered, after forty centuries of such tillage." 

— W. M. Thompson. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josli., cliap. 13. 

3 From Silior, which is before Egypt, even unto the borders of 
Ekron northward, which is counted to the Canaanite: five lords of 
the Philistines ; the Gazathites, and the Ashdothites, the Eshkalon- 
ites, the Gittites, and the Ekronites ; also the Avites. 

THE VALLEY OF THE JORDAN. 

The valley or plain of the Jordan is notably the 
most interesting feature of Palestine. It occupies the 
middle section, (as shown by the Model), extending 
north and south in a nearly direct course, beyond the 
limits of the country, f North of Lake Huleh, the valley 
has the appearance of a plain enclosed by gradually re- 
treating hills. South from the Sea of Galilee the valley 
consists of a narrow descending plain or floor, lying be- 
tween mountain heights, and through the midst of which 

-Note.— The Philistines are thought to have migrated to the 
land of Canaan from the eastern part of Egypt, at about 2000 B. C, 
subduing or absorbing the Canaanites, and establishing themselves 
in five principal cities as traders, artizans, and if not mariners, at 
least closely allied with the Phoenicians, the greatest maritime 
people then existing. They seem to have been idolaters, each city 
(save Gath) having a deity of its own. 

The first use of the bow in warfare is attributed to the Philis- 
tines. They continued in existence until about the time of Alex- 
ander the Great, (336 B. C.) when their record went out in darkness. 



fNoTE.— A distinguished obsei;ver remarks: "The boundaries 
of the geographer are rarely described by right lines. Whenever 



Model of Palestine. 81 

flows the river Jordan, marked by its line of perpetual 
green. 

On the eastern side the banks possess much uniformity, 
shelving rapidly to the plain. 

On the western side, north from the ridge of Sartabeh, 
the valley is bordered by a succession of high rounded 
bluffs, which, as lower hills and ridges, often extend into 
the plain. 

South from Sartabeh, the hills become mountains — 
rugged, precipitous, and barren. The entire plain also 
seems divided by this ridge ; that part lying north of it, 
being watered by many springs and little streams, is very 
fertile, while the portion south from it is sterile, and 
but little better than an arid desert. The entire plain 
of the Jordan below the Sea of Galilee is desolate, with- 
out roads, cities, villages, or extensive ruins, and mostly 
without inhabitants. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Gen., chap. 13. 

10 And Lot lifted up his eyes, and beheld all the plain of Jordan 
that it was well watered everywhere, before the Lord destroyed 
Sodom and Gomorrah, even as the garden of the Lord, like the 
land of Egypt, as thou comest unto Zoar. 

11 Then Lot chose him all the plain of Jordan ; and Lot jour- 
neyed east: and they separated themselves the one from the other. 



these occur, however, the geologist may look for something re- 
markable." 

Three or four miles below Lake Huleh is a point where the river 
Jordan meets the level of the ocean. Two lines starting on this 
level, and following it southward along the hills on the east and 
on the west, until the lines meet, would enclose the only extensive 
portion of the earth depressed below the ocean surface, and not 
filled with water. Such lines may yet be found marked at inter- 
vals by the action of the waves long before the days of Abraham. 
The great depth of this valley below the level of the ocean (be- 
ing nearly a quarter of a mile) produces changes of climate and 
atmospheric conditions nowhere else to be found. n. 



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RIVERS* AND BODIES OF WATER 

1. RIVER BELUS. 

A so called river, perennial for six or eight miles of its 
length. At the mouth it is nearly a hundred feet wide, 
and two or three feet deep. Its volume is much increas- 
ed in the rainy season. 

On the banks of this river the composition of glass was 
accidentally discovered. 

2. RIVER KISHON. 

Except near its mouth the Kishon is without water the 
greater part of the year. Sudden heavy rains greatly 
swell the stream. 

Lieut. Lynch found the river near its mouth to be 
eighteen inches deep, and as many yards in breadth, with 
a current of two miles an hour. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Judges, chap. 4. 

7 And I will draw unto thee, to the river Kishon, Sisera the cap- 
tain of Jabin's army, with his chariots and his multitude ; and I 
will deliver him into thy hand. 

13? And Sisera gathered together all his chariots, even nine hun- 
dred chariots of iron, and all the people that were with him, from 
Harosheth of the Gentiles unto the river of Kishon. 

Judges, chap. 5. 

21 The river of Kishon swept them away, that ancient river, 
the river Kishon. O my soul, thou hast trodden down strength. 

I. King's, chap. 18. 

40 And Elijah said unto them, Take the prophets of Baal ; let 
not one of them escape. And they took them : and Elijah brought 
them down to the brook Kishon, and slew them there. 



^Rivers are marked on the Model by depressed figures, near the 
mouth of each, 



Model of Palestine. 



83 



Psalm 83. 

9 Do unto them as unto the Midianites ; as to Sisera, as to Jabin, 
at the brook of Kison. 

3. RIVER DEFNEH. 

A valley from Mount Carmel, near the mouth of which 
for a short distance water flows during the entire year. 

4. CROCODILE RIVER. 

A small channel connecting with a marsh, not far from 
the sea. It has a local reputation as being once inhabited 
by the crocodile. 

5. KANAH. 

{A reed or cane.) 

No other stream south from Mount Carmel is spoken 
of in the Bible, and this is simply referred to as a boun- 
dary. Water is seldom found in it, except for a short 
distance near its mouth. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josh., chap. 16. 

8 The border went out from Tappuah westward unto the river 
Kanah ; and the goings out thereof were at the sea. This is the in- 
heritance of the tribe of the children of Ephraini by their families. 



6. RIVER ABU ZABURA. 

7. RIVER FALLAK. 

8. RIVER AUJEH. 

9. RIVER RUBIN. 



The above names are applied to valleys without water 
in the dry season, except perhaps a little standing in the 
plain near the sea. No reference is known to either in 
in the Bible. 



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10. RIVER YARMUK. 

The Yarmuk is the second river in size in Palestine. 
In the rainy season it receives the drainage from a large 
extent of the eastern plains. But little is known con- 
cerning either its course or valley. It is reported as a 
mountain torrent meeting the Jordan, with a volume of 
water nearly its equal. 

11. JABBOK. 

(Emptying, dispelling.) 

A rapid stream, descending from the mountains of 
Gilead. It is not known how far from the mouth water 
is found through the entire year. 

The name received its chief distinction as a boundary. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Gen., chap. 32. 

22 And he rose up that night, and took his two wives, and his 
two women-servants, and his eleven sons, and passed over the ford 
Jabbok. 

23 And he took them, and sent them over the brook, and sent 
over that he had. 

Joshua, chap. 12. 

2 Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelt in Heshbon, and ruled 
from Aroer, which is upon the bank of the river Arnon, and from 
the middle of the river, and from half Gilead, even unto the river 
Jabbok, which is the border of the children of Ammon. 

Numbers, chap. 21. 

24 And Israel smote him with the edge of the sword, and pos- 
sessed his land from Arnon unto Jabbok, even unto the children of 
Ammon : for the border of the children of Ammon was strong. 

I>eut., chap. 3. 

16 And unto the Reubenites and unto the Gadites I gave from 
Gilead even unto the river Arnon, half the valley, and the border, 
even unto the river Jabbok, which is the border of the children of 
Ammon. 

Judges, chap. 11. 

13 And the king of the children of Ammon answered unto the 



Model op Palestine. 



85 



messengers of Jephthah, Because Israel took away my land, when 
they came up out of Egypt, from Arnon even unto Jabbok, and 
unto Jordan : now therefore restore those lands again peaceably. 

22 And they possessed all the coasts of the Amorites, from Ar- 
non even unto Jabbok, and from the wilderness even unto Jordan. 

12. RIVER ARNON. 

(Joyful.) 

But little is known of this stream. Its principal mention 
is as the boundary between Israel and Moab. It enters 
the Dead Sea through a deep gorge, with precipitous 
walls. Near its mouth are noted medicinal springs. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Num., chap. 21. 

13 From thence they removed, and pitched on the other side of 
Arnon, which is in the wilderness that cometh out of the coasts of 
the Amorites : for Arnon is the border of Moab, between Moab and 
the Amorites. 

14 Wherefore it is said in the book of the wars of the Lord, 
What he did in the Red sea, and in the brooks of Arnon. 

24 And Israel smote him with the edge of the sword, and pos- 
sessed his land from Arnon unto Jabbok, even unto the children 
of Ammon : for the border of the children of Ammon was strong. 

26 For Heshbon was the city of Sihon the king of the Amorites, 
who had fought against the former king of Moab, and taken all 
his land out of his hand, even unto Arnon. 

Num., chap. 22. 

36 And when Balak heard that Balaam was come, he went 
out to meet him unto a.city of Moab, which is in the border of Ar- 
non, which is in the utmost coast. 

Dent., chap. 2. 

24 1f Rise ye up, take your journey, and pass over the river Ar- 
non : behold, I have given into thine hand Sihon the Amorite. 

Dent., chap. 3. 

8 And we took at that time out of the hand of the two kings of 
the Amorites the land that was on this side Jordan, from the river 
of Arnon unto mount Hermon. 

16 And unto the Reubenites and unto the Gadites I gave from 
Gilead even unto the river Arnon, half the valley, and the border, 



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even unto the river Jabbok, which is the border of the children 
of Amnion. 

Josh., chap. 12. 

1 Now these are the kings of the land, which the children of 
Israel smote, and possessed their land on the other side Jordan to- 
ward the rising of the sun, from the river Arnon, unto mount 
Hermon, and all the plain on the east. 

Judges, chap. 11. 

13 And the king of the children of Amnion answered unto the 
messengers of Jephthah, Because Israel took away my land, when 
they came up out of Egypt, from Arnon even unto Jabbok, and 
unto Jordan : now therefore restore those lands again peaceably. 

18 Then they went along through the wilderness, and compas- 
sed the land of Eriom, and the land of Moab, and came by the 
east side of the land of Moab, and pitched on the other side of Ar- 
non, but came not within the border of Moab : for Arnon was the 
border of Moab. 

22 And they possessed all the coasts of the Amorites, from Ar- 
non even unto Jabbok, and from the wilderness even unto Jordan. 

II. Sam., chap. 24. 

5 1[ And they passed over Jordan, and pitched in Aroer, on the 
right side of the city that lieth in the midst of the river of Gad, and 
toward Jazer. 

II. Kings, chap. 10. 

32 If In those days the Lord began to cut Israel short : and Ha- 
zael smote them in all the coasts of Israel ; 

33 From Jordan eastward, all the land of Gilead, the Gadites, 
and the Reubenites, and the Manassites, from Aroer, which is by 
the river Arnon, even Gilead and Bashan. 

Isaiah, chap. 16. 

2 For it shall be, that, as a wandering bird cast out of the nest, 
so the daughters of Moab shall be at the fords of Arnon. 

Jeremiah, chap. 48. 

20 Moab is confounded ; for it is broken down : howl and cry ; 
tell ye it in Arnon, that Moab is spoiled. 

Tim brook kidron. 

The Kidron begins in the immediate vicinity of Jerusa- 
lem, first as an open valley susceptible of tillage, soon 
changing into a wild gorge leading eastward to the Dead 



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87 



Sea. No traveler is known to have passed through the 
entire length of the valley. So far as seen, it bears evi- 
dences of inhabitanee here and there in former days. 
Running water is rarely found in the valley, except 
while rain is actually falling. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

II. Samuel, chap. 15. 

23 And all the country wept with a loud voice, and all the peo* 
pie passed over: the king also himself passed over the brook Kid- 
ron, and all the people passed over, toward the way of the wilder- 
ness. 

I. Kings, chap. 2. 

37 For it shall be, thai on the day thou goest out, and passest 
over the brook Kidron, thou shalt know for certain that thou shalt 
surely die : thy blood shall be upon thine own head. 

I. King**, chap. 15. 

13 And also Maachah his mother, even her he removed from 
being queen, because she had made an idol in a grove ; and Asa de- 
stroyed her idol, and burnt it by the brook Kidron, 

II. Kings, chap. 23. 

4 And the king commanded Hilkiah the high priest, and the 
priests of the second order, and the keepers of the door, to 
bring forth out of the temple of the Lord all the vessels that were 
made for Baal, and for the grove, and for all the host of heaven, 
and he burned them without Jerusalem in the fields of Kidron, 
and carried the ashes of them unto Beth-el. 

6 And he brought out the grove from the house of the Lord, 
without Jerusalem, unto the brook Kidron, and burned it at the 
brook Kidron, and stamped it small to powder, and cast the pow- 
der thereof upon the graves of the children of the people. 

12 And the altars that were on the top of the upper chamber of 
Ahaz, which the kings of Judah had made, and the altars which 
Manasseh had made in the two courts of the house of the Lord, 
did the king beat down, and brake them down from thence, and 
cast the dust of them into the brook Kidron. 

II. Chron., chap. 15. 

16 ft And also concerning Maachah the mother of Asa the king, 
he removed her from being queen, because she had made an idol 
in a grove : and Asa cut down her idol, and stamped it, and burnt 
it at the brook Kidron. 



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II. Chron., cliap. 29. 

16 And the priests went into the inner part of the house of the 
Lord, to cleanse U, and brought out all the uncleanness that they 
found in the temple of the Lord into the court of the house of 
the Lord. And the Levites took it, to cany it out abroad into 
the brook Kidron. 

II. Chron., chap. 30. 

14 And they arose and took away the altars that were in 
Jerusalem, and all the altars for incense took they away, and cast 
them into the brook Kidron. 

Jeremiah, chap. 31. 

40 And the whole valley of the dead bodies, and of the ashes, 
and all the fields unto the brook of Kidron, unto the corner of the 
horse-gate toward the east, shall be holy unto the Lord; it shall 
not be plucked up, nor thrown down any more for ever. 

John, chap. 18. 

1 "When Jesus had spoken these words, he went forth with his 
disciples over the brook Cedron, where was a garden, into- the 
which he entered, and his disciples. 



RIVER JORDAN. 

The several springs and streams which form the river 
Jordan gather their waters together in Lake Huleh, from 
which body the river emerges with a stream three or four 
feet deep, and eighty feet in width. 

The course to the Sea of Galilee is nearly direct, with a 
rapid descent, its middle portion following a deep gorge 
in the volcanic rocks, steep and rapid, but not precipitous. 
This part of the valley is lined with trees and shrubs, 
rendering it almost impenetrable to man. The descent 
of the upper Jordan, in the short distance between Lake 
Huleh and the Sea of Galilee, is more than six hundred 
feet. 

From the Sea of Galilee, the Jordan issues in a stream 
nearly a hundred feet wide, soon receiving the Yarmuk 
from the eastern plains, with a volume nearly its equal. 
The course continues southward, passing many rapids, 



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the descent of some of them very deep and nearly pre- 
cipitous, making frequent curves in every direction, thus 
increasing its actual length to three times that of the di- 
rect course,* until it sluggishly flows into the Dead Sea, 
with a breadth of eighty yards, and a depth of from three 
to eight feet. The immediate banks of the river vary 
from ten to fifty feet in height, and are lined with trees 
and shrubs, in constant leaf. 

The channel between these banks includes many islands, 
and is more or less filled with water, according to the 
season. The river and its bed, as above described, wan- 
der through an irregular alluvial bottom or valley, which 
has a more direct course than the river itself. This bot- 
tom or flat varies from a half mile to two miles in width , 
and lies between banks and hills from fifty to a hundred 
and fifty feet high. 

Three or four fording places are noted. One opposite 
Jericho, and the others not far from the mouth of the 
river Jabbok. 

The Jordan is spanned by two bridges: The first, 
near Lake Huleh, is a substantial structure of the fif- 
teenth century, built of the volcanic rocks of the vicinity. 
The second, a little below the river Yarmuk, is a massive 
bridge with pointed arches, evidently of Saracenic con- 
struction. Both bridges are in daily use. 

Classed by its length, the Jordan would hardly be 
called a river. There are points in its vicinity from which 
the eye can span its entire course, though in that course 



-Note.— It is suggested by Lieutenant Lynch, that, had the 
course of the Jordan been direct, its descent would have been ev- 
ident, and the great depression of the Dead Sea would not have 
been so long a secret. His words are : " The great secret of the de- 
pression between Lake Tiberias and the Dead Sea, is solved by the 
tortuous course of the Jordan . In a space of sixty miles of latitude, 
and four or five miles of longitude, the Jordan traverses at least 
two hundred miles." 



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it starts from the midst of frosts and ice, and terminates 
in the scalding heat of the torrid zone. 

As a navigable stream its history is short. The only 
fleet ever passing its channel bore ilie American flag. But 
it is famous beyond any river in the world for its historic 
associations, and for sacred manifestations of divine pres- 
ence and power. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Gen., chap. 32. 

10 I am not worthy of the least of all the mercies, and of all the 
truth, which thou havSt showed unto thy servant ; for with my stall 
I passed over this Jordan ; and now I am become two bands. 

Num., chap. 13. 

29 The Amalekites dwell in the land of the south : and the 
Hittites, and the Jebusites, and the Amorites, dwell in the moun- 
tains; and the Canaanites dwell by the sea, and by the coast of 
Jordan. 

Nuiii., chap. 22. 

1 And the children of Israel set forward, and pitched in the 
plains of Moab on this side Jordan by Jericho. 

Num., chap. 32. 

5 Wherefore, said they, if we have found grace in thy sight, let 
this land be given unto thy servants for a possession, and bring us 
not over Jordan. 

Xuni., chap. 33. 

48 And they departed from the mountains of Abarim, and 
pitched in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho. 

49 And they pitched by Jordan, from Beth-jesimoth even unto 
Abel-shittim in the plains of Moab. 

50 And the Lord spake unto Moses in the plains of Moab by 
Jordan near Jericho, saying, 

51 Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When 
ye are passed over Jordan unto the land of Canaan. 

Xum., chap. 34. 

12 And the border shall go down to Jordan, and the goings out 
of it shall be at the salt sea. This shall be your land with the coasts 
thereof round about. 

Deut., chap. 4. 

21 Furthermore, the Lord was angry with me for your sakes, 



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91 



and sware that I should not go over Jordan, and that I should not 
go in unto that good land which the Lord thy God giveth thee for 
an inheritance : 

22 But I must die in this land, I must not go over Jordan : but 
ye shall go over, and possess that good land. 

[See Josh., chap. 3 and 4, for account of the passage of the chil- 
dren of Israel under command of Joshua through the river Jordan.] 

Judges, chap. 3. 

28 And he said unto them, Follow after me : for the Lord hath 
delivered your enemies the Moabites into your hand. And they 
went down after him, and took the fords of Jordan toward Moab, 
and suffered not a man to pass over. 

Judges, chap. 12. 

5 And the Gileadites took the passages of Jordan before the 
Ephraimites : and it was so, that when those Ephraimites which 
were escaped, said, Let me go over, that the men of Gilead said un- 
to him, Art thou an Ephraimite ? 

I. Samuel, chap. 13. 

7 And some of the Hebrews went over Jordan to the land of Gad 
and Gilead. As for Saul, he was yet in Gilgal, and all the people 
followed him trembling. 

II. Samuel, chap. 2. 

29 And Abner and his men walked all that night through the 
plain, and passed over Jordan, and went through all Bithron, and 
they came to Mahanaim. 

II. Samuel, chap. 10. 

17 And when it was told David, he gathered all Israel together, 
and passed over Jordan, and came to Helam. And the Syrians set 
themselves in array against David, and fought with him. 

II. Samuel, chap. 17. 

22 Then David arose, and all the people that were with him, and 
they passed over Jordan : by the morning light there lacked not 
one of them that was not gone over Jordan. 

I. Kings, chap. 2. 

8 And behold, thou hast with thee Shimei the son of Gera, a Ben- 
jamite of Bahurim, which cursed me with a grievous curse in 
the day when I went to Mahanaim : but he came down to meet me 
at Jordan, and I sware to him by the Lord, saying, I will not put 
thee to death with the sword. 



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I. Kings, chap. 7. 

46 In the plain of Jordan did the king cast them, in the clay- 
ground between Succoth and Zarthan. 

II. Kings, chap. 2. 

7 And fifty men of the sons of the prophets went, and stood to 
view afar off : and the two stood by Jordan. 

8 And Elijah took his mantle, and wrapped it together, and 
smote the waters, and they were divided hither and thither, so that 
they two went over on dry ground. 

13 He took up also the mantle of Elijah that fell from him, and 
went back, and stood by the bank of Jordan ; 

14 And he took the mantle of Elijah that fell from him, and 
smote the waters, and said, Where is the Lokd God of Elijah ? And 
when he also had smitten the waters, they parted hither and thith- 
er : and Elisha went over. 

II. Kings, chap. 5. 

10 And Elisha sent a messenger unto him, saying, Go and wash 
in Jordan seven times, and thy flesh shall come again to thee, and 
thou shalt be clean. 

14 Then went he down, and dipped himself seven times in Jor- 
dan, according to the saying of the man of God : and his flesh 
came again like unto the flesh of a little child, and he was clean. 

II. Kings, chap. 6. 

4 So he went with them. And when they came to Jordan, they 
cut down wood. 

5 But as one was felling a beam, the axe head fell into the wa- 
ter: and he cried, and said, Alas, master ! for it was borrowed. 

Job, chap. 40. 

23 Behold, he drinketh up a river, and hasteth not : he trusteth 
that he can draw up Jordan into his mouth. 

Psalm 114. 

3 The sea saw it, and fled : Jordan was driven back. 

4 The mountains skipped like rams, and the little hills like 
lambs. 

5 What ailed thee, O thou sea, that thou fleddest? thou Jordan, 
that thou wast driven back ? 

Jeremiah, chap. 12. 

5 f If thou hast run with the footmen, and they have wearied 
thee, then how canst thou contend with horses? and if in the land 
of peace, wherein thou trustedst, they wearied thee, then how wilt 
thou do in the swelling of Jordan ? 



Model of Palestine. 



93 



Jeremiah, chap. 49. 

19 Behold, he shall come up like a lion from the swelling of 
Jordan against the habitation of the strong. 

Ezekiel, chap. 47. 

18 And the east side ye shall measure from Hauran, and from 
Damascus, and from Gilead, and from the land of Israel by Jordan, 
from the border unto the east sea. And this is the east side. 

Zech., chap. 11. 

3 There is a voice of the howling of the shepherds ; for their 
glory is spoiled: a voice of the roaring of young lions; for the 
pride of Jordan is spoiled. 

Mat., chap. 3. 

5 Then went out to him Jerusalem, and all Judea, and all the 
legion round about Jordan, 

6 And were baptized of him in Jordan, confessing their sins. 

13 Then cometh Jesus from Galilee to Jordan unto John, to 
be baptized of him. 

Mat., chap. 4. 

15 The land of Zabulon, and the land of Nephthalim, by the 
way of the sea, beyond Jordan, Galilee of the Gentiles. 

Mat., chap. 19. 

1 And it came to pass, that when Jesus had finished these say- 
ings, he departed from Galilee, and came into the coasts of Judea 
beyond Jordan. 

Mark, chap. 1. 

5 And there went out unto him all the land of Judea, and they 
of Jerusalem, and were all baptized of him in the river of Jordan, 
confessing their sins. 

Mark, chap. 10. 

1 And he arose from thence, and cometh into the coasts ol Ju- 
dea, by the farther side of Jordan : and the people resort unto him 
again ; and as he was wont, he taught them again. 

Luke, chap. 3. 

3 And he came into all the country about Jordan, preaching 
the baptism of repentance, for the remission of sins. 

John, chap. 1. 

28 These things were done in Bethabara beyond Jordan, where 
John was baptizing. 



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Jolin, eliap, 3. 

26 And they came unto John, and said unto him, Rabbi, he that 
was with thee beyond Jordan, to whom thou barest witness, be- 
hold the same baptizeth, and all men come to him. 

Jolan, chap. 10. 

40 And went away again beyond Jordan, into the place where 
John at first baptized ; and there he abode. 

LAKE HULEII. 

No features of this lake have attracted the attention 
of travelers, and no associations in history give it any 
peculiar interest. 

Its depth is slight — the water, late in summer, being so 
hidden by the growth of water-plants as to resemble a 
marsh. 

Its only mention in Scripture is, perhaps, in connection 
with the adjacent streams, as the waters of Merom. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Jo si*., cliap. 11. 

5 And when all these kings were met together, they came and 
pitched together at the waters of Merom, to fight against Israel. 

And the Lord said unto Joshua, Be not afraid because of 
them: for to-morrow about this time will I deliver them up all 
slain before Israel: thou shalt hough their horses, and burn their 
chariots with fire. « 

7 So Joshua came, and all the people of war with him, against 
them by the waters of Merom suddenly, and they fell upon them. 

THE SEA OF GALILEE.* 

The Sea of Galilee occupies 'a sink or hollow in the 
valley of the Jordan, with a depression below the ocean 
level nearly equal to half that of the Dead Sea. Neither 
its form, situation or surroundings are remarkable beyond 
those of other pleasant lakes. 

The body of water lies in a concave basin, gradually 



-Note.— It is also called the Sea of Cinneroth, or Chinnereth, 
the feea of Tiberias, and the Lake or Sea ol Gennesaret. 



Model of Palestine. 



95 



deepening until it reaches one hundred and sixty feet in 
depth. The water is cool and good, it has a pebbly beach, 
is free from marshes, and contains a multitude of fish 
of various kinds. 

At the time of Christ, many richly adorned and popu- 
lous cities stood near its margins, and fleets of water 
craft enlivened its surface. 

With perhaps a single exception, desolation has taken 
their places. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Num., chap. 34. 

11 And the coast shall go down from Shepham to Riblah, on 
the east side of Ain ; and the border shall descend, and shall reacn 
nnto the side of the sea of Chinnereth eastward. 

Dent., chap. 3. 

17 The plain also, and Jordan, and the coast thereof, from Cin- 
nereth even unto the sea of the plain, even the salt sea, under Ash- 
doth-pisgah eastward. 

Joshua, chap. 11. 

2 And to the kings that were on the north of the mountains, 
and of the plains south of Ciimeroth, and in the valley, and in the 
borders of Dor on the west. 

Josh., chap. 12. 

3 And from the plain to the sea of Cinneroth on the east, and 
unto the sea of the plain, even the salt sea on the east, the way to 
Beth-jeshimoth ; and from the south, under Ashdoth-pisgah. 

I. Kings, chap. 15. 

20 So Ben-hadad hearkened unto king Asa, and sent the 
captains of the hosts which he had against the cities of Israel, and 
smote Ijon, and Dan, and Abel-beth-maaehah, and all Cinneroth, 
with all the land of Naphtali. 

Mat., chap. 4. 

13 And leaving Nazareth, he came and dwelt in Capernaum, 
which is upon the sea coast, in the borders of Zabulon and Neph- 
thalim. 

18 U And Jesus, walking by the sea of Galilee, saw two brethren, 
Simon called Peter, and Andrew his brother, casting a net into the 
sea; for they were fishers. 



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Mat, chap. 14. 

24 But the ship was now in the midst of the sea, tossed with 
waves: for the wind was contrary. 

25 And in the fourth watch of the night, Jesus went unto them, 
walking on the sea, 

26 And when the disciples saw him walking on the sea, they 
were troubled, saying, It is a spirit ; and they cried out for fear. 

27 But straightway Jesus spake unto them, saying, Be of good 
cheer ; It is I ; be not afraid. 

Mat. chap. 15. 

29 And Jesus departed from thence, and came nigh unto the 
sea of Galilee; and went up into a mountain, and sat down there. 

Mark, chap. 1. 

16 Now as he walked by the sea of Galilee, he saw Simon, and 
Andrew his brother, casting a net into the sea: for they were 
fishers. 

Mark, chap. 2. 

13 And he went forth again by the sea-side ; and all the multi- 
tude resorted unto him, and he taught them. 

Mark, chap. 3. 

7 But Jesus withdrew himself with his disciples to the sea : and 
a great multitude from Galilee followed him, and from Judea. 

Mark, chap. 4. 

1 And he began again to teach by the sea-side : and there was 
gathered unto him a great multitude, so that he entered, into a ship, 
and sat in the sea ; and the whole multitude was by the sea, on the 
land. 

Mark, chap. 7. 

31 And again, departing from the coasts of Tyre and Sidon, 
he came unto the sea of Galilee, through the midst of the coasts of 
Decapolis. 

Luke. chap. 8. 

22 Now it came to pass on a certain day, that he went into a 
ship with his disciples : and he said unto them, Let us go over un- 
to the other side of the lake. And they launched forth. 

23 But as they sailed he fell asleep : and there came down a 
storm of wind on the lake , and they were filled imih water, and 
were in jeopardy. 

John, chap. 6. 

1 After these things Jesus went over the sea of Galilee, which i3 
the sea of Tiberias. 



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John, chap. 21. 

1 After these things Jesus shewed himself again to the disciples 
at the sea of Tiberias : and on this wise shewed he himself, 

THE DEAD SEA. 

This body of water was until within a few years but 
little known, except in shadowy stories, half fable. 

In the Bible the Old Testament makes mention of it 
simply by the names: the 4 1 Salt Sea," or the " Sea of the 
Plain ; " while it is not referred to at all in the New. 

Geographers, prior to the present century, make no 
mention of its great depression, nor of the tongue or pen- 
insula, both prominent features. Though its character- 
istics are not without interest, it has but little to attract 
the visitor. There he sees no sheltering port, no wander- 
ing keel, no beacon light, no fisher's net. There is the 
grave of the J ordan — the stillness of death. 

The location of the sea, its form and extent, together with 
the general features of its surroundings, are plainly indi- 
cated by the model. The water in the northern and 
larger part, lies in a basin rapidly deepening from its 
margin to more than thirteen hundred feet. That part 
of the sea south from the peninsula is a mere lagoon, 
ten or twelve feet deep in the ordinary summer season. 

The wonderful characteristics of this body of water, in 
which it stands alone and without comparison, are : 

First. — Its surface is nearly a fourth of a mile below 
the level of the ocean. 

Second. — It has no known outlet ; while a large and 
rapid stream, with several smaller ones, constantly pour 
their floods into its basin. 

Third. — The great density, with its consequent buoy- 
ancy and inertia. 

Fourth. — Practically, neither the sea itself, nor the 
earth moistened thereby, sustain animal or vegetable life. 



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That its deleterious effects extend further, is denied by 
modern visitors. 

OF THE SEA WATER. 

By analysis resulting from the United States expedi- 
tion, it appears that a gallon of water from the Dead 
Sea weighs twelve and a quarter pounds, and holds in 
solution, nearly three and one-third pounds of matter. 
The principal substances are : less than a half pound of 
muriate of lime, nearly one pound of common salt, and 
two pounds of chloride of magnesium. 

Of its buoyancy, says Lieut. Lynch : " The water of 
the sea was very buoyant. With great difficulty, I kept 
my feet down, and when I lay upon my back, and draw- 
ing up my knees placed my hands upon them, I immedi- 
ately rolled over." 

W. C. Prime, speaking of bathing in the sea, says: 
1 ' Every inch of my skin smarted and stung, as if a 
thousand nettles had been whipped over it." 

Says Kinglake : " The water of the Dead Sea is per- 
fectly clear and bright; its taste is detestable." 

"Salt from the Dead Sea is very bitter and has a salt- 
petre like taste. Thrown on the fire it melts in part, and 
ignites in part." — Rabbi Schwartz. 

" The waters emit no noisome smell nor noxious vapor." 

— Dr. Bobijison. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Gen., chap. 14. 

3 All these were joined together in the vale of Siddim, which 
is the salt sea. 

Nam., chap. 34. 

3 Then yonr south quarter shall be from the wilderness of Zin 
along by the coast of Edom, and your south border shall be the 
outmost coast of the salt sea eastward. 



Model of Palestine. 



99 



Bent., chap. 3. 

17 The plain also, and Jordan, and the coast thereof, from Ohin- 
nereth even unto the sea of the plain, eventhe salt sea, under Ash- 
doth -pisgah eastward. 

Josh., chap. 3. 

10 That the waters which came down from above stood and 
rose up upon a heap very far from the city Adam, that is beside 
Zaretan; and those that came down toward the sea of the plain, 
even the salt sea, failed, and were cut off: and the people passed 
over right against Jericho. 

•Tosh., chap. 15. 

2 And their south border was from the shore of the salt sea, 
from the bay that looketh southward. 

Josh., chap. 1$. 

19 And the border passed along to the side of Beth-hoglah 
northward: and the out-goings of the border were at the north bay 
of the salt sea at the south end of Jordan. This was the south coast. 

II. Kings, chap. 14. 

25 He restored the coast of Israel from the entering of Hamath 
unto the sea of the plain, according to the word of the Lord God of 
Israel, which he spake by the hand of his servant Jonah, the son 
of Amittai, the prophet, which was of Gath-hepher. 

Zcchariah, chap. 14. 

8 And it shall be in that day, that living waters shall go out 
from Jerusalem ; half of them toward the former sea, and half of 
them toward the hinder sea ; in summerand in winter shall it be. 



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CITIES AND PLACES OF NOTE. 

JERUSALEM. 
LOCATION. 

Near the brow of the table-land of Judea, and about 
eighteen miles west from the northern end of the Dead 
Sea, three valleys begin with a gentle descent, gradually 
growing deeper, taking a south-easterly course for a mile 
or more, when they meet in the valley of the brook Kidron. 

The valley on the right, (looking northward) is at first 
Kidron, afterward Jehosaphat; that on the left is Hin- 
nom and Gihon ; between the two is the Tyropoean Valley, 
not shown on the Model. 

Alternating with the above valleys are four irregular 
ridges, which, rising from the same uneven plain, continue 
with increasing height, until they terminate as promon- 
tories near the junction of the valleys. 

The ridge on the right is Mount Olives; on the left, the 
height is called the Hill of Evil Counsel. Between these 
are, to the right, Mount Moriah ; to the left, Mount Zion. 

THE CITY OF JERUSALEM 

occupies the two middle ridges, with the valley included 
between them. The walls are in the form of an irregu- 
lar square, nearly facing the points of the compass, and ex- 
tending more than a half mile in each direction. They 
are entire, high, and substantial. 

A number of gates lead into the city, the chief of 
which are : the Damascus gate on the north, the Joppa 
gate on the west, and St. Stephens gate on the east. 

The streets are narrow, ill paved, and without names in 
common use. Most of the houses have the appearance of 
durability and comfort; and many of the public build- 



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101 



ings are noble structures. The population is variously 
estimated at from twenty to thirty thousand. 

THE HISTORICAL LIFE OP JERUSALEM 

is eventful beyond that of any other city. It first appears 
as the home of the Jebusites, and in their hands, strength- 
ened by walls above, and by still unexplored excavations 
beneath the earth, it became the strongest fortress in the 
world; and though located near the line of Benjamin 
and Judah, it did not fall into the hands of the Hebrews 
until nearly four hundred years after the conquest of the 
land under Joshua. 

From that time to the present day, it has been sub- 
jected to many long and distressing sieges. Four times 
have its walls been thrown down. Twice has the en- 
tire city been leveled with the earth; eleven different 
names has it born, and more than twenty times victorious 
assailants have compelled it to surrender to their ravaging 
hordes. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josh., chap. 10. 

1 Now it came to pass, when Adoni-zedek king of Jerusalem 
had heard how Joshua had taken Ai, and had utterly destroyed it. 

5 Therefore the five kings of the Amorites, the king of Jerusa- 
lem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, 
the king of Eglon, gathered themselves together, and went up, 
they and all their hosts, and encamped before Gibeon, and made 
war against it. 

Josh., chap. 15. 

63 As for the Jebusites the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the chil- 
dren of Judah could not drive them out : but the Jebusites dwell 
with the children of Judah at Jerusalem unto this day. 

Judges, chap. 1. 

7 And Adoni-bezek said, Threescore and ten kings, having their 
thumbs and their great toes cut off, gathered their meat under my 
table ; as I have done, so God hath requited me. And they brought 
him to Jerusalem, and there he died. 

8 (Now the children of Judah had fought against Jerusalem, 



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and had taken it, and smitten it with the edge of the sword, and 
set the city on fire.) 

21 And the children of Benjamin did not drive out the Jebusites 
that inhabited Jerusalem ; but the Jebusites dwell with the chil- 
dren of Benjamin in Jerusalem unto this day. 

I. Samuel, cbap. 17. 

54 And David took the head of the Philistine, and brought it to 
Jerusalem ; but he put his armour in his tent. 

II. Samuel, chap. 24. 

8 So when they had gone through all the land, they came to 
Jerusalem at the end of nine months and twenty days. 

16 And when the angel stretched out his hand upon Jerusalem 
to destroy it, the Lord repented him of the evil, and said to the 
angel that destroyed the people, It is enough: stay now thine 
hand. And the angel of the Lord was by the threshing-place of 
Araunah the Jebusite. 

I. Kings, chap. 3. 

1 And Solomon made affinity with Pharaoh king of Egypt, and 
took Pharaoh's daughter, and brought her into the city of David, 
until he had made an end of building his own house, and the 
house of the Lord, and the wall of Jerusalem round about. 

I. King's, chap. 8. 

1 Then Solomon assembled the elders of Israel, and all the 
heads of the tribes, the chief of the fathers of the children of Isra- 
el, unto king Solomon in Jerusalem, that they might bring up the 
ark of the covenant of the Lord out of the city of David, which is 
Zion. 

II. Kings, chap. 18. 

17 And the king of Assyria sent Tartan and Rabsaris and 
Rab-shakeh from Lachish to king Hezekiah with a great host 
against Jerusalem : and they went up and came to Jerusalem. 
And when they were come up, they came and stood by the con- 
duit of the upper pool, which is in the highway of the fuller's 
field. • 

II. Kings, cbap. 21. 

12 Therefore thus saith the Lord God of Israel, Behold, I am 
bringing such evil upon Jerusalem and Judah, that whosoever 
heareth of it, both his ears shall tingle. 

13 And I will stretch over Jerusalem the line of Samaria, and 
the plummet of the house of Ahab : and I will wipe Jerusalem as 
a man wipeth a dish, wiping it y and turning it upside down. 

16 Moreover, Manasseh shed innocent blood very much, till he 
had filled Jerusalem from one end to another ; besides his sin 



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wherewith h* made Judah to sin, in doing that which was evil in 
the sight of the Lord. 

II. Kings, chap. 24. 

14 And he carried away all Jerusalem, and all the princes, and 
all the mighty men of valour, even ten thousand captives, and all 
tho draftsmen, and smiths : none remained, save the poorest sort 

he people of the land. 

II. Kings, chap. 25. 

8 f And in the fifth month, on the seventh day of the month, 
(which is the nineteenth year of king Nebuchadnezzar king of 
Babylon,) came Nebuzar-adan, captain of the guard, a servant of 
the king of Babylon, unto Jerusalem : 

9 And he burnt the house of the Lord, and the king's house, 
and all the houses of Jerusalem, and every great matt'* house burnt 
he with fire. 

10 And all the army of the Chaldees, that were with the captain 
of the guard, brake down the walls of Jerusalem round about. 

I. Chron., chap. II. 

4 f And David and all Israel went to Jerusalem, which is Jebus; 
where the Jebusites were, the inhabitants of the land. 

5 And the inhabitants of Jebus said to David, Thou shalt not 
come hither. Nevertheless David took the castle of Zion, which u 
the city of David. 

II. Chron., chap. 1. 

4 But the ark of God had David brought up from Kirjath- 
jearim to the place which David had prepared for it: for he had 
pitched a tent for it at Jerusalem. 

14 And Solomon gathered chariots and horsemen : and he had 
a thousand and four hundred chariots, and twelve thousand horse- 
men, which he placed in the chariot-cities, and with the king at 
Jerusalem. 

15 And the king made silver and gold at Jerusalem as plenteous 
as stones, and cedar-trees made he as the sycamore-trees that are 
in the vale, for abundance. 

II. Chron., chap. 3* 

I Then Solomon began to build the house of the Lord at Jerus- 
alem in mount Moriah, where the LORD appeared unto David his 
father, in the place that David had prepared in the threshing-floor 
of Oman the Jebusite- 

II. Chron., ehap. 6. 

6 But I have chosen Jerusalem, that my name might be there; 
and have chosen David to be over my people IsraeL 



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II. Chron., chap. 9. 



27 And the king made silver in Jerusalem as stones, and cedar- 
trees made he as the sycamore -trees that are in the low plains in 
abundance. 



5 % And Rehoboam dwelt in Jerusalem, and built cities for de- 
fence in Judah. 



20 Thirty and two years old was he when he began to reign, and 
he reigned in Jerusalem eight years, and departed without being 
desired : howbeit they buried him in the city of David, but not in 
the sepulchres of the kings. 



1 Joash was seven years old when he began to reign, and he 
reigned forty years in Jerusalem. His mother's name also was Zi- 
biah of Beer-sheba. 



1 And Hezekiah sent to all Israel and Judah, and wrote letters 
also to Ephraim and Manasseh, that they should come to the house 
of the Lord at Jerusalem, to keep the passover unto the Lord God 
of Israel. 

2 For the king had taken counsel, and his princes, and all the 
congregation in Jerusalem, to keep the passover in the second 
month. 

3 For they could not keep it at that time, because the priests 
had not sanctified themselves sufficiently, neither had the people 
gathered themselves together to Jerusalem. 

11 Nevertheless, divers of Asher and Manasseh and of Zebulun 
humbled themselves, and came to Jerusalem. 

21 And the children of Israel thai were present at Jerusalem 
kept the feast of unleavened bread seven days with great gladness : 
and the Levites and the priests praised the Lord day by day, sing- 
ing with loud instruments unto the Lord. 



10 Thus saith Sennacherib king of Assyria, Whereon do ye 
trust, that ye abide in the siege in Jerusalem ? 

12 Hath not the same Hezekiah taken away his high places, 
and his altars, and commanded Judah and Jerusalem, saying, 
Ye shall worship before one altar, and burn incense upon it? 

18 Then they cried with a loud voice, in the Jews' speech ; unto 
the people of Jerusalem that were on the wall, to affright them, 
and to trouble them ; that they might take the city. 



II. Citron., chap. 11. 



II. Cbron., chap. 21. 



II. Cliron.. chap. 24, 



II. Chron.. chap. 30. 



II. Citron., chap. 32. 



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105 



II. Chron., chap. 33. 

1 Manasseh was twelve years old when he began to reign, and 
he reigned fifty and five years in Jerusalem. 

9 So Manasseh made Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem 
to err, and to do worse than the heathen, whom the Lord had de- 
stroyed before the children of Israel. 

II. Chron., chap. 34. 

1 Josiah was eight years old when he began to reign, and he 
reigned in Jerusalem one and thirty years. 

II. Chron., chap. 36. 

2 Jehoahaz was twenty and three years old when he began to 
reign, and he reigned three months in Jerusalem. 

3 And the king of Egypt put him down at Jerusalem, and con- 
demned the land in a hundred talents of silver and a talent of gold 

Ezra, chap. 1. 

2 Thussaith Cyrus king of Persia, The Lord God of heaven hath 
given me all the kingdoms of the earth ; and he hath charged me to 
build him a house at Jerusalem, which is in Judah. 

Ezra, chap. 4. 

20 There have been mighty kings also over Jerusalem, which 
have ruled over all countries beyond the river ; and toll, tribute, and 
custom, was paid unto them. 

Ezra, chap. 7. 

13 I make a decree, that all they of the people of Israel, and of 
his priests and Levites, in my realm, which are minded of their 
own freewill to go up to Jerusalem, go with thee. 

Xchcmiah, chap. 2. 

17 Then said I unto them, Ye see the distress that we are in, 
how Jerusalem lieth waste, and the gates thereof are burned with 
fire: come, and let us build up the wall of Jerusalem, that we be 
no more a reproach. 

Nehemiah, chap. 8. 

15 And that they should publish and proclaim in all their cities, 
and in Jerusalem, saying, Go forth unto the mount, and fetch olive- 
branches, and pine-branches, and myrtle-branches, and palm- 
branches and branches of thick trees, to make booths, as it is written. 

Xchcmiah, chap. 13. 

16 There dwelt men of Tyre also therein, which brought fish, 
and all manner of ware, and sold on the sabbath unto the children 
of Judah, and in Jerusalem. 



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Psalm 122. 

2 Our feet shall stand within thy gates, O Jerusalem. 

3 Jerusalem is builded as a city that is compact together. 

Psalm 125. 

2 As the mountains are round about Jerusalem, so the Lord is 
round about his people from henceforth even for ever. 

Psalm 137. 

5 If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, let my right hand forget her cun- 
ning, 

6 If I do not remember thee, let my tongue cleave to the roof of 
my mouth ; if I prefer not Jerusalem above my chief joy. 

7 Remember, O Lord the children of Edom in the day of Je- 
rusalem : who said, Rase it, rase U y even to the foundation thereof. 

Psalm 147. 

12 Praise the Lord, O Jerusalem : praise thy God, O Zion. 

Song of Solomon, chap. 3. 

5 I charge you, O ye daughters of Jerusalem, by the roes, and 
by the hinds of the field, that ye stir not up, nor awake my love, 
till he please. 

Song of Solomon, chap. 6. 

4 Thou art beautiful, O my love, as Tirzah, comely as Jerusa- 
lem, terrible as an army with banners. 

Isaiah, chap. 66. 

10 Rejoice ye with Jerusalem, and be glad with her, all ye that ' 
love her: rejoice for joy with her, all ye that mourn for her. 

13 As one whom his mother comforteth, so will I comfort you ; 
and ye shall be comforted in Jerusalem. 

20 And they shall bring all your brethren for an offering unto 
the Lord, out of all nations, upon horses, and in chariots, and in 
litters, and upon mules, and upon swift beasts, to my holy moun- 
tain Jerusalem, saith the Lord, as the children of Israel bring an 
offering in a clean vessel into the house of the Lord. 

Jeremiah, chap. 2. 

2 Go, and cry in the ears of Jerusalem, saying, Thus saith the 
Lord; I remember thee, the kindness of thy youth, the love of 
thine espousals, when thou wentest after me in the wilderness, in 
a land that was not sown. 

Jeremiah, ehap. 4. 

3 f For thus saith the Lord to the men of Judah and Jerusalem, 
Break up your fallow ground, and sow not among thorns. 



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107 



4 Circumcise yourselves to the Lord, and take away the fore- 
skins of your heart, ye men of Judah and inhabitants of Jerusa- 
lem ; lest my fury come forth like fire, and burn that none can 
quench because of the evil of your doings. 

5 Declare ye in Judah, and publish in Jerusalem ; and say, Blow 
ye the trumpet in the land : cry, gather together, and say, Assem- 
ble yourselves, and let us go into the defenced cities. 

Jeremiah, chap. 5. 

1 Run ye to and fro through the streets of Jerusalem, and see 
now, and know, and seek in the broad places thereof, if ye can find 
a man, if there be any that executeth judgment, thatseeketh the 
truth ; and I will pardon it. 

Jeremiah, chap. 6. 

8 Be thou instructed, O Jerusalem, lest my soul depart from 
thee.; lest I make thee desolate, a land not inhabited. 

Jeremiah, chap. 7. 

34 Then will I cause to cease from the cities of Judah, and from 
the streets of Jerusalem, the voice of mirth, and the voice of glad- 
ness, the voice of the bridegroom, and the voice of the bride : for 
the land shall be desolate. 

Jeremiah, chap. 26. 

18 Micah the Morasthite prophesied in the days of Hezekiah 
king of Judah, and spake to all the people of Judah, saying, Thus 
saith the Lord of hosts; Zion shall be ploughed like a field, and Je- 
rusalem shall become heaps, and the mountain of the house as the 
high places of a forest. 

Jeremiah, chap. 39. 

1 In the ninth year of Zedekiah king of Judah, in the tenth 
month, came Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon and all his army 
against Jerusalem, and they besieged it. 

Jeremiah, chap. 52. 

1 Zedekiah was one and twenty years old when he began to 
reign, and he reigned eleven years in Jerusalem. And his mother's 
name was Hamutal the daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah. 

4 And it came to pass in the ninth year of his reign, in the 
tenth month, in the tenth day of the month, that Nebuchadnezzar 
king of Babylon came, he and all his army against Jerusalem, and 
pitched against it, and built forts against it round about. 

13 And burned the house of the Lord, and the king's house; 
and all the houses of Jerusalem, and ail the houses of the great 
men, burned he with fire. 



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Ezekiel, chap, 4. 

1 Thou also, son of man, take thee a tile, and lay it before thee, 
and portray upon it the city, even Jerusalem. 

Ezekiel, chap. 12. 

19 And say unto the people of the land, Thus saith the Lord 
God of the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and of the land of Israel; ' 
They shall eat their bread with carefulness, and drink their water 
with astonishment, that her land may be desolate from all that 
is therein, because of the violence of all them that dwell therein. 

Ezekiel, chap. 15. 

6 f Therefore thus saith the Lord God : As the vine-tree among 
the trees of the forest, which I have given to the fire for fuel, so will 
I give the inhabitants of Jerusalem. 

Daniel, chap. 1. 

I In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah 
came Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon unto Jerusalem, and be- 
sieged it. 

Obadiah. 

II In the day that thou stoodest on the other side, in the day 
that the strangers carried away captive his forces, and foreigners 
entered into his gates, and cast lots upon Jerusalem, even thou 
want as one of them. 

Micah, chap. 3. 

10 They build up Zion with blood, and Jerusalem with iniquity. 

12 Therefore, for your sake shall Zion be ploughed as a field, and 
Jerusalem shall become heaps, and the mountain of the house as 
the high places of the forest. 

Zeph., chap. 3. 

14 I Sing, O daughter of Zion ; shout, O Israel ; be glad and re- 
joice with all the heart, O daughter of Jerusalem. 

16 In that day it shall be said to Jerusalem, Fear thou not ; and 
to Zion, Let not thy hands be slack. 

Zech., chap. 1. 

12 <[ Then the angel of the Lord answered and said, O Lord of 
hosts, how long wilt thou not have mercy on Jerusalem and on the 
cities of Judah, against which thou hast had indignation these 
threescore and ten years ? 

16 Therefore thus saith the Lord ; I am returned to Jerusalem 
with mercies : my house shall be built in it, saith the Lord of hosts, 
and a line shall be stretched forth upon Jerusalem. 

17 Cry yet, saying, Thus saith the Lord of hosts; My cities 



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109 



through prosperity shall yet be spread abroad ; and the Lord shall 
yet comfort Zion, and shall yet choose Jerusalem. 

Zech., chap. 2. 

2 Then said I, whither goest thou ? And he said unto me, To 
measure Jerusalem, to see what is the breadth thereof, and what is 
the length thereof. 

4 And said unto him, Run, speak to this young man, saying, 
Jerusalem shall be inhabited as towns without walls for the multi- 
tude of men and cattle therein. 

Zee Ii.. chap. 3. 

2 And the Lord said unto Satan, The Lord rebuke thee, O Sa- 
tan ; even the Lord that hath chosen Jerusalem rebuke thee : is 
not this a brand plucked out of the fire ? 

Zech., chap. 8. 

3 Thus saitli the Lord, I am returned unto Zion, and will dwell 
in the midst of Jerusalem : and Jerusalem shall be called, A city 
of truth ; and the mountain of the Lord of hosts, The holy moun- 
tain. 

4 Thus saith the Lord of hosts ; There shall yet old men and 
old women dwell in the streets of Jerusalem, and every man with 
his staff in his hand for very age. 

5 And the streets of the city shall be full of boys and girls play- 
ing in the streets thereof. 

Zech., chap. 9. 

9 Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion ; shout, O daughter of 
Jerusalem : behold, thy King cometh unto thee : he is just, and 
having salvation ; lowly, and riding upon an ass, and upon a colt 
the foal of an ass. 

Zech., chap. 12. 

2 Behold, I will make Jerusalem a cup of trembling unto all 
the people round about, when they shall be in the siege both against 
Judah and against Jerusalem. 

3 And in that day will I make Jerusalem a burdensome stone 
for all people; all that burden themselves with it shall be cut in 
pieces, though all the people of the earth be gathered together 
against it. 

Zech., chap. 14. 

4 And his feet shall stand in that day upon the mount of Ol- 
ives, which is before Jerusalem on the east, and the mount of Olives 
shall cleave in the midst thereof toward the east and toward the 
west, and there shall be a very great valley ; and half of the moun- 
tain shall remove toward the north, and half of it toward the 
south. 



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Mat., chap. 2. 

1 Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Jadea, in the days 
of Herod the king, behold, there came wise men from the east to 
Jerusalem. 

3 When Herod the king had heard these things, he was troubled, 
and all Jerusalem with him. 

Mat., chap. 20. 

17 And Jesus going up to Jerusalem, took the twelve disciples 
apart in the way, and said unto them, 

18 Behold, we go up to Jerusalem ; and the Son of man shall be 
betrayed unto the chief priests, and unto the scribes, and they 
shall condemn him to deaths 

Mat., chap. 21* 

1 And when they drew nigh unto Jerusalem, and were come to 
Bethphage, unto the mount of Olives, then sent Jesus two disci- 
ples. 

10 And when he was come into Jerusalem, all the city was 
moved, saying, Who is this ? 

Mark, chap. 1. 

5 And there went out unto him all the land of Judea, and they 
of Jerusalem, and were all baptized of him in the river of Jordan, 
confessing their sins. 

Mark, chap. 11. 

1 And when they came nigh to Jerusalem, unto Bethphage, and 
Bethany, at the mount of Olives, he sendeth forth two of his disci- 
ples. 

11 And Jesus entered into Jerusalem, and into the temple : and 
when he had looked rouad about upon all things, and now the ev- 
entide was come, he went out unto Bethany, with the twelve. 

15 And they came to Jerusalem : and Jesus went into the 
temple, and began to cast out them that sold and bought in the 
temple, and overthrew the tables of the money-changers, and the 
seats of them that sold doves. 

27 f And they come again to Jerusalem : and as he was walk- 
ing in the temple, there come to him the chief priests, and the 
scribes, and the elders. 

Mark, chap. 15. 

41 Who also, when he was in Galilee, followed him, and min- 
istered unto him ; and many other women which came up with 
him unto Jerusalem. 

l<uke, chap. 2. 

22 And when the days of her purification according to the law 



Model of Palestine. 



Ill 



of Moses were accomplished, they brought him to Jerusalem, to 
present him to the Lord. 

41 Now his parents went to Jerusalem every year at the feast 
of the passover. 

42 And when he was twelve years old, they went up to Jerusa- 
lem after the custom of the feast. 

43 And when they had fulfilled the days, as they returned, the 
child Jesus tarried behind in Jerusalem ; and Joseph and his mother 
knew not of it. 

45 And when they found him not, they turned back again to 
Jerusalem, seeking him. 

Luke, chap. 5. 

17 And it came to pass on a certain day, as he was teaching, 
that there were Pharisees and doctors of the law sitting by, which 
were come out of every town of Galilee, and Judea, and Jerusalem ; 
and the power of the Lord was present to heal them. 

Luke, chap. 13. 

33 Nevertheless, I must walk to-day and to-morrow, and the dap 
following : for it cannot be that a prophet perish out of Jerusalem. 

34 O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, which killest the prophets, and 
stonest them that are sent unto thee ; how often would I have gath- 
ered thy children together, as a hen doth gather her brood under her 
wings, and ye would not ! 

Lake, chap. 19. 

28 f And when he had thus spoken, he went before, ascending 
up to Jerusalem. 

41 And when he was come near, he beheld the city, and wept 
over it, 

42 Saying, If thou hadst known, even thou, at least in this thy 
day, the things which belong unto thy peace ! but now they are hid 
from thine eyes. 

Luke, chap. 21. 

20 And when ye shall see Jerusalem compassed with armies, 
then know that the desolation thereof is nigh. 

24 And they shall fall by the edge of the sword, and shall be led 
away captive unto all nations: and Jerusalem shall be trodden 
down of the Gentiles, until the times of the Gentiles be fulfilled. 

Lake, chap. 23. 

28 But Jesus turning unto them, said, Daughters of Jerusalem, 
weep not for me, but weep for yourselves, and for your children. 

Lake, chap. 24. 

13 And behold, two of them went that same day to a village 



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called Emmaus, which was from Jerusalem about threescore fur- 
longs. 

18 And the one of them, whose name was Cleopas, answering, 
said unto him, xYrt thou only a stranger in Jerusalem, and hast not 
known the things which are come to pass there in these days? 

47 And that repentance and remission of sins should be preach- 
ed in his name among all nations, beginning at Jerusalem. 

John, chap. 2. 

13 | And the Jews' passover was at hand, and Jesus went up 
to Jerusalem. 

23 Now, when he was in Jerusalem at the passover, in the feast- 
day, many believed in his name, when they saw the miracles 
which he did. 

John, chap. 5. 

1 After this there was a feast of the Jews : and Jesus went up 
to Jerusalem. 

2 Noav there is at Jerusalem, by the sheep-mar ket, a pool, which 
is called in the Hebrew tongue, Bethesda, having five porches. 

John, chap. 7. 

25 Then said some of them of Jerusalem, Is not this he whom 
they seek to kill ? 

John, chap. 10. 

22 And it was at Jerusalem the feast of the dedication, and it 
was winter. 

John, chap. 12. 

12 ft On the next day, much people that were come to the feast, 
when they heard that Jesus was coming to Jerusalem. 

Acts, chap. 1. 

4 And being assembled together with them, commanded them 
that they should not depart from Jerusalem, but wait for the prom- 
ise of the Father, which, sailh he, ye have heard of me. 

8 But ye shall receive power after that the Holy Ghost is come 
upon you ; and ye shall be witnesses unto me, both in Jerusalem, 
and in all Judea, and in Samaria, and unto the uttermost part of 
the earth. 

12 Then returned they unto Jerusalem, from the mount called 
Olivet, which is from Jerusalem a sabbath-day's journey. 

19 And it was known unto all the dwellers at Jerusalem ; inso- 
much as that field is called in their proper tongue, Aceldama, 
that is to say, The field of blood. 



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113 



Acts, chap. 2. 

5 And there were dwelling at Jerusalem Jews, devout men, out 
of every nation under heaven. 

Acts, chap. 8. 

I And Saul was consenting unto his death. And at that time 
there was a great persecution against the church which was at Je- 
rusalem ; and they were all scattered abroad throughout the regions 
of Judea and Samaria, except the apostles. 

14 Now when the apostles which were at Jerusalem heard that 
Samaria had received the word of God, they sent unto them Peter 
and John. 

Acts, chap. 9. 

13 Then Ananias answered, Lord, I have neard by many of this 
man, how much evil he hath done to thy saints at Jerusalem. 

21 But all that heard him were amazed, and said ; Is not this he 
that destroyed them which called on this name in Jerusalem, and 
came hither for that intent, that he might bring them bound unto 
the chief priests? 

26 And when Saul was come to Jerusalem, he assayed to join 
himself to the disciples : but they were all afraid of him, and believ- 
ed not that he was a disciple. 

Acts, chap. 10. 

39 And we are witnesses of all things which he did, both in the 
land of the Jews, and in Jerusalem ; whom they slew and hanged on 
a tree. 

Acts, chap. 11. 

2 And when Peter was come up to Jerusalem, they that were of 
the circumcision contended with him. 

22 Then tidings of these things came unto the ears of the 
church which was in Jerusalem, and they sent forth Barnabas^ 
that he should go as far as Antioch. 

Acts, chap. 12. 

25 And Barnabas and Saul returned from Jerusalem, when they 
had fulfilled their ministry, and took with them John, whose sur- 
name was Mark. 

Acts, chap. 13. 

31 And he was seen many days of them which came up with 
him from Galilee to Jerusalem, who are his witnesses unto the 
people. 

Acts, chap. 15. 

4 And when they were come to Jerusalem, they were received 
of the church, and of the apostles and elders, and they declared all 
things that God had done with them. 



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Acts, chap. 16. 

4 And as they went through the cities, they delivered them 
the decrees for to keep, that were ordained of the apostles and eld- 
ers which were at Jerusalem. 

Acts, chap. 18* 

21 But bade them farewell, saying, I must by all means keep this 
feast that cometh in Jerusalem ; but I will return again unto you, 
if God will. And he sailed from Ephesus. 

Acts, chap. 20. 

22 And now behold, I go bound in the spirit unto Jerusalem, 
not knowing the things that shall befall me there. 

Acts, chap. 21. 

11 And when he was come unto us, he took Paul's girdle, and 
bound his own hands and feet, and said, Thus saith the Holy 
Ghost, So shall the Jews at Jerusalem bind the man that owneth 
this girdle, and shall deliver him into the hands of the Gentiles. 

12 And when we heard these things, both we, and they of that 
place, besought him not to go up to Jerusalem. 

13 Then Paul answered, What mean ye to weep, and to break 
my heart ? for I am ready not to be bound only, but also to die at 
Jerusalem for the name of the Lord Jesus. 

15 And after those days we took up our carriages, and went up 
to Jerusalem. 

81 And as they went about to kill him, tidings came unto the 
chief captain of the band, that all Jerusalem was in an uproar. 

Acts, chap. 22. 

5 As also the high priest doth bear me witness, and all the es- 
tate of the elders; from whom also I received letters unto the 
brethren, and went to Damascus, to bring them which were there 
bound unto Jerusalem, for to be punished. 

17 And it came to pass, that, when I was come again to Jerusa- 
lem, even while I prayed in the temple, I was in a trance ; 

18 And saw him saying unto me, Make haste, and get thee 
quickly out of Jerusalem ; for they will not receive thy testimony 
concerning me. 

Acts, chap. 25. 

3 And desired favour against him, that he would send for him 
to Jerusalem, laying wait in the way to kill him. 

7 And when he was come, the Jews which came down from Je- 
rusalem stood round about, and laid many and grievous complaints 
against Paul, which they could not prove. 

9 But Festus, willing to do the Jews a pleasure, answered Paul, 



Model op Palestine. 



115 



and said, "Wilt thou go up to Jerusalem, and there be judged of 
these things before me ? 

15 About whom, when I was at Jerusalem, the chief priests and 
the elders of the Jews informed me, desiring to have judgment 
against him. 

20 And because I doubted of such manner of questions, I asked 
him whether he would go to Jerusalem, and there be judged of 
these matters. 

Romans, chap. 15. 

19 Through mighty signs and wonders, by the power of the 
Spirit of God ; so that from Jerusalem, and roundabout unto Illyri- 
cum, I have fully preached the gospel of Christ. 

25 But now I go unto Jerusalem to minister unto the saints. 

26 For it hath pleased them of Macedonia and Achaia to make 
a certain contribution for the poor saints which are at Jerusalem. 

31 That I may be delivered from them that do not believe in 
Judea ; and that my service which I have for Jerusalem, may be 
accepted of the saints. 

I. Cor., chap. 16. 

3 And when I come, whomsoever ye shall approve by your let- 
ters, them will I send to bring your liberality unto Jerusalem. 

Galatians, chap. 1. 

17 Neither went I up to Jerusalem to them which were apostles 
before me : but 1 went into Arabia, and returned again unto Da- 
mascus. 

18 Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to see Peter, 
and abode with him fifteen days. 

Galatians, chap. 2. 

1 Then fourteen years after I went up again to Jerusalem with 
Barnabas, and took Titus with me also. 

Galatians, chap. 4. 

25 For this Agar is mount Sinai in Arabia, and answereth to 
Jerusalem which now is, and is in bondage with her children. 

26 But Jerusalem which is above is free, which is the mother of 
us all. 

Hebrews, chap. 12. 

22 But ye are come unto mount Sion, and unto the city of the 
living God, the heavenly Jerusalem, and to an innumerable com- 
pany of angels. 

Revelation, chap. 21. 

2 And I John saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, coming down 
from God out of heaven, prepared as a bride adorned lor her hus- 
band. 



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10 And he carried me away in the spirit to a great and high 
mouutain, and showed me that great city, the holy Jerusalem, de- 
scending out of heaven from God.- 5 

A. f SAFED. 

A city of three or four thousand inhabitants, celebra- 
ted as affording magnificent views of the surrounding 
country. Nothing appears to be certainly known of its 
early history. It is suggested as illustrating the remark 
of Christ: "A city that is set on a hill*" Also, as the 
birth-place of Saints James and John, and perhaps the 
city of Seph, fortified by J osephus. It became a strong- 
hold of the Crusaders in the twelfth century, and after- 
ward a holy city of the Jews. In the sixteenth century 
it was a seat of Jewish schools and learning, with a print- 
ing establishment. Safed has suffered severely from 
earthquakes. 

B. AKKA. 

An ancient city of Sidon or Phoenicia, existing at the 
time of the conquest by Joshua. It is celebrated as a 
fortress, and for the battles fought near its walls. Akka 
has now some six or eight thousand inhabitants, and is 
chiefly of importance as a military station. South from 
it, is a bay of the same name. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Judges, chap. 1. 

31 Neither did Asher drive out the inhabitants of Accho, nor 
the inhabitants of Zidon, nor of Ahlab, nor of Achzib, nor of 
Helbali, nor of Aphik, nor of Rehob. 



*Note. — Jerusalem is mentioned in the Bible more than six 
hundred times, in addition to the references here given. 



fNoTE.— These Roman letters refer to similar letters on the Mod- 
el, painted black, lying west of the Valley of the Jordan. 



Model of Palestine. 



117 



Acts, chap. 21. 

7 And when we had finished our course from Tyre, we came to 
Ptolemais, and saluted the brethren, and abode with them one day. 

HAIFA. 

Point 7 M. south from Akka (B). 

Haifa is the best seaport of Palestine — a city of three 
or four thousand people, and surrounded by a tottering 
wall. Ritter suggests this city as being the Hepher of 
scripture. It also stands near the place of Sycaminum of 
Greek and Latin writers. Four or five foreign consuls 
make it their residence. The American expedition to the 
river Jordan, under Lient. Lynch, in 1848, landed here. 

Near the town is an enterprising colony of German 
farmers, evidently thrifty and prosperous. — Dr. Ridgaway 
in "The Lord's Land: 9 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Josh., chap. 12. 

17 The king of Tappuah, one : the king of Hepher, one. 
I. King's, chap. 4. 

10 The son of Hesed, in Aruboth; to him pertained Sochoh, and 
all the land of Hepher. 

C. CANA OF GALILEE 

is now a common little village, bearing no signs of past 
influence or greatness. 

Its history is comprised in the relation: " Here Christ 
performed his first miracle, and here Nathanael was 
born." 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josh., chap. 19. 

28 And Hebron, and Behob, and Hammon, and Kanah, even 
unto great Zidon. 

John, chap. 2. 

1 And the third day there was a marriage in Cana of Galilee ; 
and the mother of Jesus was there. 



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2 And both Jesus was called, and his disciples, to the marriage. 
11 This beginning of miracles did Jesus in Cana of Galilee, and 
manifested forth his glory ; and his disciples believed on him. 

John, chap. 4. 

4G So Jesus came again into Cana of Galilee, where he made the 
water wine. And there was a certain nobleman, whose son was 
sick at Capernaum. 

John, chap. 21. 

2 There were together Simon Peter, and Thomas called Didy- 
mus, and Nathanael of Cana in Galilee, and the sons of Zebedee, 
and two other of his disciples. 

D. NAZARETH, 

is a well conditioned and thriving city of three or four 
thousand people. No mention is made of the place 
previous to the time of Christ. 

Says Stanley: " Fifteen gently rounded hills, seem 
as if they had met to form an enclosure for this peaceful 
basin. They rise around it like the edge of a sea-shell, 
to guard it from intrusion." 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Mat., chap. 2. 

23 And he came and dwelt in a city called Nazareth : that it 
might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophets, He shall be 
called a Nazarene. 

Mat., chap. 4. 

13 And leaving Nazareth, he came and dwelt in Capernaum, 
which is upon the sea-coast in the borders of Zabulon and Nephtha- 
lim. 

Mat., chap. 21. 

11 And the multitude said, This is Jesus, the prophet of Naza- 
reth of Galilee. 

Mark, chap. 1. 

9 And it came to pass in those days, that Jesus came from Naz- 
areth of Galilee, and was baptized of John in Jordan. 

21 Saying, Let us alone ; what have we to do with thee, thou 
Jesus of Nazareth ? art thou come to destroy us ? I know thee who 
thou art, the Holy One of God. 



Model of Palestine. 



119 



Mark, chap. 10. 

47 And when he heard that it was Jesus of Nazareth, he began 
to cry out, and say, Jesus, thou son of David, have mercy on me. 

Mark, chap. 14, 

67 And when she saw Peter warming himself, she looked upon 
him, and said, And thou also wast with Jesus of Nazareth. 

Mark, chap. 16. 

6 And he saith unto them, Be not affrighted : ye seek Jesus of 
Nazareth, which was crucified : he is risen ; he is not here : behold 
the place where they laid him. 

Luke, chap. 1. 

26 And in the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent from God 
unto a city of Galilee, named Nazareth. 

27 To a virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph, of 
the house of David ; and the virgin's name was Mary. 

Luke, chap. 2. 

4 And Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Naz- 
areth, into Judea, unto the city of David, which is called Bethle- 
hem, (because he was of the house and lineage of David.) 

39 And when they had performed all things according to the 
law of the Lord, they returned into Galilee, to their own city Naz- 
areth. 

51 And he went down with them, and came to Nazareth, and 
was subject unto them: but his mother kept all these sayings in 
her heart. 

Luke, chap. 4. 

16 And he came to Nazareth, where he had been brought up: 
and, as his custom was, he went into the synagogue on the sabbath- 
day, and stood up for to read. 

34 Saying, Let us alone ; what have we to do with thee, thou Je- 
sus of Nazareth? art thou come to destroy us? I know thee who 
thou art, the Holy One of God. 

Luke, chap. 18. 

36 And hearing the multitude pass by, he asked what it meant. 

37 And they told him, that Jesus of Nazareth passeth by. 

Luke, chap. 24. 

19 And he said unto them, What things ? And they said unto 
him, Concerning Jesus of Nazareth, which was a prophet mighty 
in deed and word before God, and all the people. 



120 Hand Book for 

John, chap. 1. 

45 Philip findeth Nathanael, and saith unto him, We have 
found him of whom Moses in the law, and the prophets, did write, 
Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph. 

46 And Nathanael said unto him, Can there any good come out 
of Nazareth ? Philip saith unto him, Come and see. 

Jobn, chap. 18. 

5 They answered him, Jesus of Nazareth. Jesus saith unto 
them, I am he. And Judas also, which betrayed him, stood with 
them. 

6 As soon then as he had said unto them, I am Tie, they went 
backward, and fell to the ground. 

7 Then asked he them again, whom seek ye ? And they said, Je- 
sus of Nazareth. 

John, chap. 19. 

19 And Pilate wrote a title, and put it on the cross. And the 
writing was, JESUS OF NAZARETH, THE KING OF THE JEWS. 

E. NAIN. 

Only one event in its history survives to give it in- 
terest. The situation is bleak; its habitations few and 
wretched. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

luke, chap. 7. 

11 And it came to pass the day after, that he went into a city 
called Nain : and many of his disciples went with him, and much 
people. 

ENDOR. 

I*oint 1% M. North- East from Nain (E). 

A small villa ge of perhaps a score of half ruined houses, 
standing on the side of a foot hill of little Hermon. The 
situation has much of beauty. The only visible remains 
of antiquity are its numerous tombs. 

It was, when first known to history, a city of the Ca- 
naanites, with a king. 




Model of Palestine. 121 

l BIBLE REFERENCES* 

Joshua, chap. 17. 

11 And Manasseh had in Issachar and in Asher, Beth-shean and 
her towns, and Ibleam and her towns, and the inhabitants of Dor 
and her towns, and the inhabitants of En -dor and her towns, and 
the inhabitants of Taanach and her towns, and the inhabitants 
of Megiddo and her towns, even three countries. 

I. Samuel, chap. 28. 

7 Then said Saul unto his servants, Seek me a woman that 
hath a familiar spirit, that I may go to her, and inquire of her. 
And his servants said to him, Behold, therre is a woman that hath 
a familar spirit at En-dor. 

Psalm 83. 

10 Which perished at En-dor : they became as dung for the earth. 

SHUNEM. 
Point 2 M. South-East from JYain (E). 

A Canaanite city, given to Issachar. It is now a flourish- 
ing village, beautifully located, and surrounded by hedges, 
gardens, and orchards. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josh., chap. 19. 

17 And the fourth lot came out to Issachar, for the children of 
Issachar according to their families. 

18 And their border was toward Jezreel, and Chesulloth, and 
Shunem. 

I. Sam., chap. 28. 

4 And the Philistines gathered themselves together, and came 
and pitched in Shunem : and Saul gathered all Israel together, and 
they pitched in Gilboa. 

1. King's, chap. 2. 

17 And he said, Speak, I pray thee, unto Solomon the king, (for 
he will not say thee nay,) that he give me Abishag the Shunam- 
mite to wife. 

21 And she said, Let Abishag the Shunammite be given to 
Adonijah thy brother to wife. 

22 And king Solomon answered and said unto his mother, And 
why dost thou ask Abishag the Shunammite for Adonijah? ask 



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for him the kingdom also ; for he is mine elder brother ; even for 
him, and for Abiathar the priest, and for Joab the son of Zeruiah. 

II. Kings, chap. 4. 

8 I" And it fell on a day, that Elisha passed to Shunem, where 
was a great woman ; and she constrained him to eat bread. And 
so it was, that as oft as he passed by, he turned in thither to eat 
bread. 

12 And he said to Gehazi his servant, Call this Shunammite. 
And when he had called her, she stood before him. 

25 So she went and came unto the man of God to mount Car- 
mel. And it came to pass, when the man of God saw her afar off, 
that he said to Gehazi his servant, Behold, yonder is that Shunam- 
mite. 

36 And he called Gehazi, and said, Call this Shunammite. So 
he called her. And when she was come in unto him, he said, Take 
up thy son. 

Song of Solomon, chap. 6. 

13 Return, return, O Shulamite ; return, return, that we may 
look upon thee. "What will ye see in the Shulamite ? As it were 
the company of two armies. 

P. JEZREEL. 

Jezreel was a city of the Canaanites allotted to Issachar, 
afterward becoming a royal city of Israel ; but from its 
location it could never have been of great extent. It was 
a stronghold in a central position, a gate of Ephraim, 
near fertile plains which were the scenes of many san- 
guinary conflicts. 

A village of twenty or thirty houses, fast falling into 
decay, stands in its place. The situation has much of 
beauty, surrounded by a panorama of charming scenery 
crowded with remembrances of sacred and historic in- 
terest. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Josh., chap. 15. 

56 And Jezreel, and Jokdeam, and Zanoah. 

1. Samuel, chap. 25. 

43 David also took Ahinoam of Jezreel ; and they were also 
both oX them his wives. 



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123 



I. Samuel, cliap. 29. 

I Now the Philistines gathered together all their armies to 
Aphek : and the Israelites pitched by a fountain which is in Jez- 
reel. 

II So David and his men rose up early to depart in the morning, 
to return into the land of the Philistines. And the Philistines 
went up to Jezreel. 

II. Samuel, cliap. 2. 

9 And he made him king over Gilead, and over the Ashurites, 
and over Jezreel, and over Ephraim, and over Benjamin, and 
over all Israel. 

I. King-s, cliap. 4. 

12 Baanathesonof Ahilud ; to him pertained Taanach and Megid- 
do, and all Bethshean, which is by Zartanah beneath Jezreel, from 
Beth-shean to Abel-meholah, even unto the place that is beyond Jok- 
neam. 

I. King's, chap. 18. 

45 And it came to pass in the mean while, that the heaven was 
black with clouds and wind, and there was a great rain. And Ahab 
rode, and went to Jezreel. 

46 And the hand of the Lord was on Elijah ; and h.e girded up 
his loins, and ran before Ahab to the entrance of Jezreel. 

I. Ming's, chap. 21. 

1 And it came to pass after these things, that Naboth the Jez- 
reelite had a vineyard, which was in Jezreel, hard by the palace 
of Ahab king of Samaria. • 

15 And it came to pass, when Jezebel heard that Naboth was 
stoned, and was dead, that Jezebel said to Ahab, Arise, take pos- 
session of the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite, which he refused 
to give thee for money : for Naboth is not alive, but dead. 

23 And of Jezebel also spake the Lord, saying, The dogs shall 
eat Jezebel by the wall of Jezreel. 

II. King's, chap. 8. 

29 And king Joram went back to be healed in Jezreel of the 
wounds which the Syrians had given him at Raman, when he 
fought against Hazael king of Syria. And Ahaziah the son of Je- 
horam king of Judah went down to see Joram the son of Ahab in 
Jezreel, because he was sick. 

II. King", chap. 9. 

17 And there stood a watchman on the tower in Jezreel, and 
he spied the company of Jehu as he came, and said, I see a com- 
pany. And Joram said, Take a horseman and send to meet them 
and let him say, Is it peace ? 



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30 And when Jehu was come to Jezreel, Jezebel heard of it; 
'and she painted her face, and tired her head, and looked out at a 
window. 

Hosea, chap. 1. 

4 And the Lord said unto him, Call his name Jezreel ; for yet 
a little while, and 1 will avenge the blood of Jezreel upon the house 
of Jehu, and will cause to cease the kingdom of the house of Israel. 

11 Then shall the children of Judah and the children of Israel 
be gathered together, and appoint themselves one head, and they 
shall come up out of the land : for great shall be the day of Jezreel. 

MEGIDDO.' 
Point 5% M* West from Jezreel (F). 

Here are scattering remains of a city occupying an im- 
portant pass. It is chiefly memorable as located in the 
vicinity of ancient battle fields. No additional interest 
is awakened from its examination. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Josh., chap. 12. 

21 The king of Taanach, one : the king of Megiddo, one. 
Judges, chap. 1. 

27 If Neither did Manasseh drive out the inhabitants of Beth- 
shean and her towns, nor Taanach and her towns, nor the inhabi- 
tants of Dor and her towns, nor the inhabitants of Ibleam and 
her towns, nor the inhabitants of Megiddo and her towns; but the 
Canaanites would dwell in that land. 

Judges, chap. 5. 

19 The kings came and fought, then fought the kings of Canaan 
in Taanach by the waters of Megiddo ; they took no gain of money. 

20 They fought from heaven ; the stars in their courses fought 
against Sisera. 

II. Kings, chap. 9. 

27 But when Ahaziah the king of Judah saw this, he fled by the 
way of the garden-house. And Jehu followed after him, and said, 
Smite him also in the chariot. And they did so at the going up to 
Gur, which is by Xbleam. And he fled to Megiddo, and died there. 

II. Kings, chap. 23, 

29 In his days Pharaoh-nechoh king of Egypt went up against 



Model op Palestine. 



125 



the king of Assyria to theriver Euphrates ; and king Josiah went 
against him; and he slew him at Megiddo, when he had seen him. 

30 And his servants carried him in a chariot dead from Megiddo, 
and brought him to Jerusalem, and buried him in his own sepul- 
chre. And the people of the land took Jehoahaz the son of Josiah; 
and anointed him, and made him king in his father's stead. 

II. Cfctron., chap. 35. 

22 Nevertheless Josiah would not turn his face from him , but 
disguised himself that he might fight with him, and hearkened 
not unto the words of Necho from the mouth of God, and came 
to fight in the valley of Megiddo. 

23 And the archers shot at king Josiah ; and the king said to 
his servants, Have me away ; for I am sore wounded. 

TAANACH. 
JPoint 6 M. South-West from Jezreel (F). 

A city of the Canaanites, standing near a pass between 
the plains of Sharon and Esdraelon, on the caravan 
route from the empires of the Euphrates to the populous 
regions of the Nile. 

The ruins are without especial interest. The situation 
is near and similar to that of Megiddo. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josh., chap. 12. 

21 The king of Taanach, one ; the king of Megiddo, one. 
Josli., cliap. 17. 

11 And Manasseh had in Issachar and in Asher Beth-shean and 
her towns, and Ibleam and her towns, and the inhabitants of Dor 
and her towns, and the inhabitants of En-dor and her towns, and 
the inhabitants of Taanach and her towns, and the inhabitants of 
Megiddo and her towns, even three countries. 

Judges, chap. 5. 

19 The kings came and fought, then fought the kings of Canaan 
in Taanach by the waters of Megiddo ; they took no gain of money. 

I. Chron., cliap, 7. 

29 And by the borders of the children of Manasseh, Beth-shean 
and her towns, Taanach and her towns, Megiddo and her towns, 



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Dor and her towns. In these dwelt the children of Joseph the son 
of Israel. 

G. EN-GANNIM. 

The name interpreted, "A Garden of Fountains," con- 
veys a good idea of the beauty of the location. The city 
is a military station of minor importance, containing two 
or three thousand people. It has had a continued exist- 
ence since the days of Joshua. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josh., chap. 19. 

21 And Remeth, and En-gannim, and En-haddah, and Beth- 
pazzez. 

Josh., chap. 21. 

29 Jarmuth with her suburbs, En-gannim with her suburbs: 
four cities. 

DOTHAN. 

JPoint 4 M. South- West f rom En-gannim (G). 

A low hill, still bearing the ancient name, showing ruins 
of a former city or village upon its summit. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

£xodns, chap. 37. 

17 And the man said, They are departed hence: for I heard 
them say, Let us go to Dothan. And Joseph went after his breth- 
ren, and found them in Dothan. 

II. King's, chap. 6. 

13 And he said, Go, and spy where he is, that I may send and 
fetch him. And it was told him, saying, Behold, he is in Dothan. 

H. CESAREA. 

A sea-port and city, founded by the Romans a few 
years before the commencement of the Christian Era. It 
was built with great splendor and magnificence — the ma- 
terial being white marble, polished and highly decorated. 



Model of Palestine. 



127 



Its destruction was completed during the wars of the 
Crusaders in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Mag- 
nificent ruins of great extent, lie in desolation and 
mournful silence. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Acts, chap. 8. 

40 But Philip was found of Azotus; and passing through, he 
preached in all the cities, till he came to Cesarea. 

Acts, chap. 9. 

30 Wliich when the brethren knew, they brought him down 
to Cesarea, and sent him forth to Tarsus. 

Acts, chap. 10, 

1 There was a certain man in Cesarea, called Cornelius, a cen- 
turion of the band called the Italian band, 

24 And the morrow after they entered into Cesarea. And Cor- 
nelius waited for them, and had called together his kinsmen and 
near friends. 

Acts, chap. 12. 

19 And when Herod had sought for him, and found him not, he 
examined the keepers, and commanded that they should be put to 
death. And he went down from Judea to Cesarea, and there abode. 

Acts, chap. 18. 

22 And when he had landed at Cesarea, and gone up and saluted 
the church, he went down to Antioch. 

Acts, chap. 21. 

8 And the next day we that were of Paul's company departed, 
and came unto Cesarea ; and we entered into the house of Philip 
the evangelist, which was one of the seven ; and abode with him. 

16 There went with us also certain of the disciples of Cesarea, 
and brought with them one Mnason of Cyprus, an old disciple, 
with whom we should lodge. 

Acts, chap. 23. 

23 And he called unto him two centurions, saying, Make ready 
two hundred soldiers to go to Cesarea, and horsemen threescore 
and ten, and spearmen two hundred, at the third hour of the night. 

33 Who, when they came to Cesarea, and delivered the epistle 
to the governor, presented Paul also before him. 



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Acts, chap. 25. 

1 Now when Festus was come into the province, after three 
clays he ascended from Cesarea to Jerusalem. 

6 And when he had tarried among them more than ten days, 
he went down unto Cesarea ; and the next day sitting on the judg- 
ment-seat, commanded Paul to be brought. 

13 And after certain days, king Agrippa and Bernice came unto 
Cesarea, to salute Festus. 

DOR. 

Point *I% AI. North from Cesarea (H). 

A city at the time of the conquest of Canaan by the 
Children of Israel. A village of some thirty houses, built 
from old material, still remains. It formerly was en- 
gaged in fisheries for the purple mussel. Extensive ruins 
are abundant on all sides. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josh., chap. 11. 

2 And to the kings that were on the north of the mountains, 
and of the plains south of Cinneroth, and in the valley, and in the 
borders of Dor on the west. 

I. King's, chap. 4. 

11 The son of Abinadab, in all the region of Dor; which had 
Taphath the daughter of Solomon to wife. 

I. Chron., chap. 7. 

29 And by the borders of the children of Manasseh, Beth-shean 
and her towns, Taanach and her towns, Megiddo and her towns, 
Dor and her towns. In these dwelt the children of Joseph the son 
of Israel. 

I. SAMARIA. 

The city of Samaria was built a little more than nine 
hundred years before the birth of Christ, and soon 
came the capital of the kingdom of Israel. 

On the site of ancient Samaria, now stands a village of 
perhaps a hundred houses, built from old material. 
Among the many ruins are some of the most remarkable 



Model of Palestine. 



129 



found in Palestine. The scenery on all sides is grand 
and beautiful, the entire landscape being dotted with lit- 
tle hamlets surrounded by orchards, intermingling with 
fields of grain. 

4 'The fine, round, swelling hill, or almost mountain of 
Samaria, stands alone in the midst of this great basin, of 
some five miles in diameter, surrounded by higher moun- 
tains on every side." — Biblical Researches* 

BIBLE REFERENCES, 

I. King's, chap. 16- 

21 And he bought the hill Samaria of Shemer for two talents 
of silver, and built on the lull, and called the name of the city which 
he built, after the name of Shemer, owner of the hill, Samaria. 

28 So Omri slept with his fathers, and was buried in Samaria : 
and Ahab his son reigned in his stead. 

29 And in the thirty and eighth year of Asa, king of Judah 
began Ahab the son of Omri to reign over Israel : and Ahab tbe son 
of Omri reigned over Israel in Samaria twenty and two years. 

32 And he reared up an altar for Baal in the house of Baal 
which he had built in Samaria. 

I. King, chap. 20. 

1 And Ben-hadad the king of Syria gathered all his host togeth- 
er: and there were thirty and two kings with him, and horses, and 
chariots : and he went up and besieged Samaria, and warred against 
it. 

I. King;, chap. 21. 

1 And it came to pass after these things, that Naboth the Jezreel- 
ite had a vineyard, which was in Jezreel, hard by the palace of 
Ahab king of Samaria. 

17 And the word of the Lord came to Elijah the Tishbite, 
saying, 

18 Arise, go down to meet Ahab king of Israel, whieh is in Sa- 
maria i behold, he is in the vineyard of Naboth* whither he is 
gone down to possess it. 

I« Kinjfs, chap. 22* 

37 So the king died, and was brought to Samaria; and they 
buried the king in "Samaria. 

38 And one washed the chariot in the pool of Samaria; and the 
dogs licked up his blood , and they washed his armour; according 
unto the word of the Lord which he spake. 



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II. King's, chap. 1. 

2 And Ahaziah fell down through a lattice in his upper cham- 
ber that was in Samaria, and was sick : and he sent messengers, 
and said unto them, Go, inquire of Baal-zebub the god of Ekron, 
whether I shall recover of this disease. 

3 But the angel of the Lord said to Elijah the Tishbite, Arise, 
go up to meet the messengers of the king of Samaria, and say unto 
them, Is it not because there is not a God in Israel, that ye go to in- 
quire of BaaJ-zebub the god of Ekron? 

II. King's, chap. 2. 

25 And he went from thence to mount Carmel,and from thence 
he returned to Samaria. 

II. King's, chap. 3. 

1 Now Jehoram the son of Ahab began to reign over Israel in 
Samaria in the eighteenth year of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, and 
reigned twelve years. 

II. Kings, chap. 5. 

3 And she said unto her mistress, Would God my lord were with 
the prophet that is in Samaria : for he would recover him of 
his leprosy. 

II. Kings, chap. 6. 

19 % And Elisha said unto them, This is not the way, neither is 
this the city : follow me, and I will bring you to the man whom ye 
seek. But he led them to Samaria. 

20 And it came to pass, when they were come into Samaria, 
that Elisha said, Lord, open the eyes of these men, that they may 
see. And the Lord opened their eyes, and they saw ; and behold, 
they were in the midst of Samaria. 

II. Kings, chap. 7. 

1 Then Elisha said, Hear ye the word of the Lord; Thus saith 
the Lord, To-morrow about this time shall a measure of fine flour 
be sold for a shekel, and two measures of barley for a shekel, in the 
gate of Samaria. 

18 And it came to pass as the man of God had spoken to the 
king, saying, Two measures of barley for a shekel, and a measure 
of fine flour for a shekel, shall be to-morrow about this time in the 
gate of Samaria. 

II. Kings, chap. 10. 

1 And Ahab had seventy sons in Samaria. And Jehu wrote 
letters, and sent to Samaria, unto the rulers of Jezreel, to the elders, 
and to them that brought up Ahab's children, saying. 

17 And when he came to Samaria, he slew all that remained 



Model op Palestine. 



131 



unto Ahab in Samaria, till he had destroyed him, according to the 
saying of the Lord, which he spake to Elijah. 

35 And Jehu slept with his fathers : and they buried him in Sa- 
maria. And Jehoahaz his son reigned in his stead. 

36 And the time that Jehu reigned over Israel in Samaria was 
twenty and eight years. 

II. King's, chap. 14. 

14 And he took all the gold and silver, and all the vessels that 
were found in the house of the Lord and in the treasures of the 
king's house, and hostages, and returned to Samaria. 

10 And Jehoash slept with his fathers, and was buried in Sama- 
ria with the kings of Israel : and Jeroboam his son reigned in his 
stead. 

II. Kings, chap. 15. 

8 In the thirty and eighth year of Azariah king of Judah did 
Zachariah the son of Jeroboam reign over Israel in Samaria six 
months. 

13 % Shallum the son of Jabesh began to reign in the nine and 
thirtieth year of Uzziah king of Judah: and he reigned a full 
month in Samaria. 

14 For Menahem the son of Gadi went up from Tirzah, and 
came to Samaria, and smote Shallum the son of Jabesh in Samaria 
and slew him, and reigned in his stead. 

23 In the fiftieth year of Azariah king of Judah, Pekahiah 
son of Menahem began to reign over Israel in Samaria ; and reigned 
two years. 

27 In the two and fiftieth year of Azariah king of Judah, Pe- 
kah, the son of Remaliah began to reign over Israel in Samaria, 
and reigned twenty years. 

II. King-s, cbap. 17. 

1 In the twelfth year of Ahaz king of Judah began Hoshea the 
son of Elah, to reign in Samaria over Israel nine years. 

5 Then the king of Assyria came up throughout all the land, 
and went up to Samaria, and besieged it three years. 

6 In the ninth year of Hoshea the king of Assyria took Sa- 
maria, and carried Israel away into Assyria, and placed them in 
Halah and In Habor by the river of Gozan, and in the cities of the 
Medes. 

24 And the king of Assyria brought men from Babylon, and 
from Cuthah, and from Ava, and from Hamath, and from Sephar- 
vaim, and placed them in the cities of Samaria instead of the chil- 
dren of Israel : and they possessed Samaria, and dwelt in the cities 
thereof. 

II. Chron., chap. 18. 

2 And after certain years he went down to Ahab to Samaria. 



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And Ahab killed sheep and oxen for him in abundance, and for 
the people that he had with him, and persuaded him to go up with 
him to Ilamoth-gilead. 

9 And the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat king of Judah sat 
either of them on his throne, clothed in their robes, and they sat in 
a void place at the entering in of the gates of Samaria: and all the 
prophets prophesied before them. 

Xehemiah, chap. 4. 

2 And he spake before his brethren, and the army of Samaria, 
and said, What do these feeble Jews? will they fortify themselves? 
will they sacrifice? will they make an end in a day? will they re- 
vive the stones out of the heaps of the rubbish which are burned ? 

Isaiah, chap. 7. 

9 And the head of Ephraim is Samaria, and the head of Sama- 
ria is Remaliah's son. If ye will not believe, surely ye shall not be 
established. 

Isaiah, chap. 8. 

4 For before the child shall have knowledge to cry, My father, 
and rny mother, the riches of Damascus and the spoil of Samaria 
shall be taken away before the king of Assyria. 

Isaiah, chap. 36. 

19 Where are the gods of Hamath and Arphad ? where are the 
gods of Sepharvaim? and have they delivered Samaria out of my 
hand ? 

Jeremiah, chap. 41. 

5 That there came certain from Shechem, from Shiioh, and 
from Samaria, even fourscore men, having their beards shaven, and 
their clothes rent, and having cut themselves, with offerings and 
incense in their hand, to bring them to the house of the Lord. 

Ezekiel, chap. 16. 

46 And thine elder sister is Samaria, she and her daughters that 
dwell at thy left hand: and thy younger sister, that dwelleth at 
thy right hand, is Sodom and her daughters. 

61 Neither hath Samaria committed half of thy sins ; but thou 
hast multiplied thine abominations more than they, and hast jus- 
tified thy sisters in all thine abominations which thou hast done. 

Hosea, chap. 7. 

1 When I w r ould have healed Israel, then the iniquity of Eph- 
raim was discovered, and the wickedness of Samaria : for they 
commit falsehood : and the thief cometh in, and the troop of rob- 
bers spoil eth without. 



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133 



Hosea, chap. 8, 

5 Thy calf, O Samaria, hath cast thee off, mine anger is kin- 
dled against, t hem : how long will it be ere they attain to innocency ? 

(5 For from Israel teas it also : the workman made it ; therefore 
it is not God : hut the calf of Samaria shall be broken in pieces. 

Hosea, chap. 10. 

5 The inhabitants of Samaria shall fear because of the calves 
of Beth-aven : for the people thereof shall mourn over it, and the 
priests thereof that rejoiced on it, for the glory thereof, because it 
is departed from it. 

Ilosea, chap. 1.3. 

16 Samaria shall become desolate ; for she hath rebelled against 
her God : they shall fall by the sword : their infants shall be dashed 
in pieces. 

Amos, chap. 3. 

9 *[ Publish in the palaces at Ashdod, and in the palaces in the 
land of Egypt, and say, Assemble yourselves upon the mountains 
of Samaria, and behold the great tumults in the midst thereof, 
and the oppressed in the midst thereof. 

12 Thus saith the Lord: As the shepherd taketh out of the 
mouth of the lion two legs, or a piece of an ear : so shall the child- 
ren of Israel be taken out that dwell in Samaria in the corner of a 
bed, and in Damascus in a couch. 

Amos, cliap. 4. 

1 Hear this word, ye kine of Bashan, that are in the mountain 
of Samaria, which oppress the poor, which crush the needy, which 
say to their masters, Bring, and let us drink. 

Amos, chap. 6. 

1 Wo to them that are at ease in Zion, and trust in the moun- 
tain of Samaria, which are named chief of the nations, to whom 
the house of Israel came ! 

Obacliah. 

19 And they of the south shall possess the mount of Esau ; and 
they of the plain the Philistines: and they shall possess the fields 
of Ephraim , and the fields of Samaria: and Benjamin shall possess 
Gilead. 

Micah, chap. 1. 

1 The word of the Lord that came to Micah the Morasthite in 
the days of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah, which 
he saw concerning Samaria and Jerusalem. 

5 For the transgression of Jacob is all this, and for the sins of 



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the house of Israel. What is the transgression of Jacob? is it not 
Samaria? and what are the high places of Judah ? are they not Je- 
rusalem"? 

6 Therefore, I will make Samaria as a heap of the field, and as 
plantings of a vineyard : and I will pour down the stones thereof 
into the valley, and I will discover the foundations thereof. 

Mat., chap. 10. 

5 These twelve Jesus sent forth, and commanded them, saying, 
Go not into the way of the Gentiles, and into any city of the Sa- 
maritans enter ye not. 

Luke, chap. 10. 

33 But a certain Samaritan, as he journeyed, came where he 
was : and when he saw him, he had compassion on him. 

John. chap. 8. 

48 Then answered the Jews, and said unto him, Say we not well 
that thou art a Samaritan, and hast a devil ? 

Acts, chap. 8. 

5 Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria, and preached 
Christ unto them. 

9 But there was a certain man, called Simon, which beforetime 
in the same city used sorcery, and bewitched the people of Sama- 
ria, giving out that himself was some great one. 

14 Now when the apostles which were at Jerusalem heard that 
Samaria had received the word of God, they sent unto them Peter 
and John. 

TIRZAH. 
Point 4 M . East from Samai-ia (I). 

Tirzah was a city of the Canaanites, included in the 
portion of Manasseh. After the division of the kingdom, 
at the death of Solomon, it often became the residence of 
the Royal Family of Israel. 

Tirzah, as seen by a recent traveler, is a prosperous, 
sightly village. On all sides are hills, clothed with or- 
chards and vineyards, alternating with valleys waving 
with grain. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Josh., chap. 12. 

24 The king of Tirzah, one : all the kings thirty and one. 



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135 



I. Kings, chap. 14. 

17 And Jeroboam's wife arose, and departed, and came to 
Tirzali : and when she came to the threshold of the door, the child 
died. 

I. Kings, chap. 15. 

21 And it came to pass, when Baasha heard thereof, that he left 
ofl' building of Ramah, and dwelt in Tirzah. 

I. Kings, chap. 16. 

6 So Baasha slept with his fathers, and was buried in Tirzah : 
and Elah his son reigned in his stead. 

8 In the twenty and sixth year of Asa king of Judah began Elah 
the son of Baasha to reign over Israel in Tirzah, two years. 

9 And his servant Zimri, captain of half his chariots, conspired 
against him, as he was in Tirzah, drinking himself drunk in the 
house of Arza, steward of his house in Tirzah. 

15 In the twenty and seventh year of Asa king of Judah did 
Zimri reign seven days in Tirzah. And the people were encamped 
against Gibbethon, which belonged to the Philistines. 

17 And Omri went up from Gibbethon, and all Israel with 
him, and they besieged Tirzah. 

23 \ In the thirty and first year of Asa king of Judah began 
Omri to reign over Israel, twelve years : six years reigned he in 
Tirzah. 

Song of Solomon, chap. 6. 

4 \ Thou art beautiful, O my love, as Tirzah, comely as Jerusa- 
em, terrible as an army with banners. 

J. SHECHEM. 

Population, six thousand. In Bible history, Shechem 
has a record back to the days of Abraham, 1920 B. C. 
The situation is one of great beauty, surpassing that of 
any other city in Palestine. 

Says Rev. W. M. Thompson : " It is a queer old place ; 
the streets are narrow and often vaulted over, and in win- 
ter it is difficult to pass along them on account of brooks, 
which rush over them with a deafening roar." 

Shechem is in a slight degree a manufacturing city, 
producing soap, oil, and cotton goods. 

A remnant of the sect of Samaritans here continue 



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their abode and forms of worship. They do not exceed 
two hundred in number. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

{ 

Gen., chap. 12. 

6 And Abram passed through the land unto the place of Sichem, 
nnto the plain of Moreh. And the Canaanite was then in the land. 

Gen., chap. 14. 

17 \ And the king of Sodom went out to meet him (after his 
return from the slaughter of Chedorlaomer and of the kings that 
were with him,) at the valley of Shaveli, which is the king's dale. 

Gen., chap. 35. 

4 And they gave unto Jacob all the strange gods which were in 
their hand, and all their ear-rings which were in their ears ; and 
Jacob hid them under the oak which was by Shechem. 

Gen., chap. 37. 

12 And his brethren went to feed their father's flock in She- 
chem. 

13 And Israel said unto Joseph, Do not thy brethren feed the 
flock in Shechem ? Come, and I will send thee unto them. And 
he said to him, Here am I. 

14 And he said to him, Go, I pray thee, see whether it be well 
with thy brethren, and well with the flocks, and bring me word 
again. 

Joshua, chap. 20. 

7 % And they appointed Kedesh in Galilee in mount Naphtali, 
and Shechem in mount Ephraim, and Kirjath-arba, (which is He- 
bron) in the mountain of Judah. 

Joshna, chap. 21. 

21 For they gave them Shechem with her suburbs in mount 
Ephraim, to be a city of refuge for the slayer ; and Gezer with her 
suburbs. 

Joshna, chap. 24. * 

1 And Joshua gathered all the tribes of Israel to Shechem, and 
called for the elders of Israel, and for their heads, and for their 
judges, and for their officers ; and they presented themselves before 
God. 

25 So Joshua made a covenant with the people that day, and 
set them a statute and an ordinance in Shechem. 



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137 



Judges, chap. 8. 

31 And his concubine that was in Shechem, she also bare him a 
Son, whose name he called Abimelech. 

Judges, chap. 9. 

1 And Abimelech the son of Jerubbaal went to Shechem unto 
his mother's brethren, and communed with them, and with all the 
family of the house of his mother's father, saying. 

3 And his mother's brethren spake of him in the ears of all the 
men of Shechem all these words : and their hearts inclined to fol- 
low Abimelech ; for they said, He is our brother. 

6 And all the men of Shechem gathered together, and all the 
house of Millo, and went and made Abimelech king, by the plain 
of the pillar that was in Shechem. 

28 And Gaal the son of Ebed said, Who is Abimelech, and who 
is Shechem, that we should serve him ? is not tie the son of Jerub- 
baal? and Zebul his officer? Serve the men of Hamor the father of 
Shechem : for why should we serve him ? 

34 \ And Abimelech rose up, and all the people that were with 
him, by night, and they laid wait against Shechem in four com- 
panies. 

46 And when all the men of the tower of Shechem heard that, 
they entered into a hold of the house of the god Berith. 

47 And it was told Abimelech, that all the men of the tower of 
Shechem were gathered together. 

49 And all the people likewise cut down every man his bough, 
and followed Abimelech, and put them to the hold, and set the hold 
on fire upon them ; so that all the men of the tower of Shechem 
died also, about a thousand men and women. 

I. Samuel, chap. 19. 

22 Then went he also to Ramah, and came to a great well that 
is in Sechu : and he asked and said, Where are Samuel and David? 
And one said, Behold, they be at Naioth in Ramah. 

Acts, chap. 7. 

16 And were carried over into Sychem, and laid in the sepul- 
chre that Abraham bought for a sum of money of the sons of Eni- 
mor, the father of Sychem. 

1. Kings, chap. 12. 

1 And Rehoboam went to Shechem : for all Israel were come to 
Shechem to make him king. 

25 Then Jeroboam built Shechem in mount Ephraim, and 
dwelt therein ; and went out from thence, and built Penuel. 



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Psalm 108. 

7 God hath spoken in his holiness; I will rejoice, I will divide 
Shechem, and mete out the valley of Succoth. 

Jeremiah, chap. 41. 

5 That there came certain from Shechem, from Shiloh, and 
from Samaria, even fourscore men, having their beards shaven, 
and their clothes rent, and having cut themselves, with offerings 
and incense in their hand, to bring them to the house of the Lord. 

Jacob's well and the tomb of Joseph. 

Point 1% M. East from Shechem (J). 

Jacob's Well is a shaft cut in the solid rock, round and 
smooth, nine feet in diameter, and seventy-five feet to 
the water. Euins of a church partially obstruct its 
mouth 

Near the well is the tomb of the patriarch Joseph. 
Says Dr. Robinson: "The present structure is merely an 
enclosure of plastered walls, without roof, having a door 
in the northern side." 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Gen., chap. 48. 

21 And Israel said unto Joseph, Behold, I die ; but God shall be 
with you, and bring you again unto the land of your fathers. 

22 Moreover I have given to thee one portion above thy breth- 
ren, which I took out of the hand of the Amorite with my sword 
and with my bow. 

Josh., chap. 24. 

32 And the bones of Joseph, which the children of Israel 
brought up out of Egypt, buried they in Shechem, in a parcel of 
ground which Jacob bought of the sons of Hamor the father of She- 
chem for a hundred pieces of silver : and it became the inheritance 
of the children of Joseph. 

Acts, chap. 7. 

15 So Jacob went down into Egypt, and died, he, and our fathers. 

16 And were carried over into Sychem, and laid in the sepulchre 
that Abraham bought for a sum of money of the sons of Emmor, 
the father of Sychem. 



Model, of Palestine. 



139 



John, chap. 4. 

5 Then cometh he to a city of Samaria, which is called Sychar, 
near to the parcel of ground that Jacob gave to his son Joseph. 

6 Now Jacob's we] 1 was there. Jesus therefore, being wearied 
with his journey, sat thus on the well : and it was about the sixth 
hour. 

11 The woman saith unto him, Sir, thou hast nothing to draw 
with, and the well is deep : from whence then hast thou that living 
water ? 

12 Art thou greater than our father Jacob, which gave us the 
well, and drank thereof himself, and his children, and his cattle? 

SALEM. 

Point \y 2 M. East from Sheehem (J). 

Salem is an obscure little village, seldom visited by trav- 
elers, which is seen from Mount Ebal among the dark 
hills east from the plain of Moreh. 

Says a visitor: " It stands on a rocky elevation, com- 
manding a plain finely tilled. It is romantically situa- 
ted, lying very open to the sun, and displaying a pro- 
fusion of fig and olive trees, and grape-vines. The vil- 
lage has some fifty houses, all built of ancient hewn 
stones. Here is unquestionably preserved the ancient 
Salem or Shalem,* an older site than Shechem." 

—Dr. H. Barth. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Gen., chap. 14. 

18 And Melchizedek king of Salem brought forth bread and 
wine : and he was the priest of the most high God. 

Gen., chap. 33. 

18 And Jacob came to Shalem,f a city of Shechem, which is in 
the land of Canaan, when he came from Padan-arani : and pitch- 
ed his tent before the city. 

-Note.— That this place is the Salem, Shalem, or Salim, of the 
Bible, is questioned by writers who are excellent authority upon 
any subject relating to Palestine. Further examinations are needed. 

•{-Note.— " It is supposed that the word Shalem means that Ja- 
cob came safely." See Osborn's Geography of Palestine. 



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Joim. cliap. 3. 

23 f And John also was baptizing in iEnon, near to Salim,* be- 
cause there was much water there : and they came, and were bap- 
tized. 

Hebrews, cliap. 7. 

1 For this Melchisedec, king of Salem, priest of the most high 
God, who met Abraham returning from the slaughter of the kings, 
and blessed him. 

2 To whom also Abraham gave a tenth part of all ; first being 
by interpretation King of righteousness, and after that also King 
of Salem, which is, King of peace. 

K. AXTIPATRIS. 

A collection of mud houses, with but little to make 
known its former condition. Remains of two military 
roads connecting with Jerusalem, are to be seen. Anti- 
patris was built upon the site of Kafr-Saba, by Herod 
the Great, the century before the Christian Era, and de- 
stroyed by the Crusaders in the holy Avars of the eleventh 
and twelfth centuries. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Acts. chap. 23. 

31 Then the soldiers, as it was commanded them, took Paul, 
and brought Jiwi by night to Antipatris. 

L SHILOH. 

A few ruins still remain to mark the site ; but there is 
nothing in them, or the rude hamlet near, to attract at- 
tention. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Josh., cliap. 18. 

1 And the whole congregation of the children of Israel assem- 
bled together at Shiloh, and set np the tabernacle of the congre- 
gation there : and the land was subdued before them. 



"Xote. — " There are good reasons why it is extremely improba- 
ble that the Salem found near Syehar, is this Salim." See Osborn'a 
Geography of Palestine, pages 160 and 164. 



Model of Palestine. 



141 



Josh., chap. 22. 

9 ft And the children, of Reuben, and the children of Gad, and 
the half-tribe of Manasseh returned, and departed from the 
children of Israel out of Shiloh, which is in the land of Canaan, to 
go unto the country of Gilead, to the land of their possession, 
whereof they were possessed, according to the word of the Lord 
by the hand of Moses. 

Judges, chap. 18. 

31 And they set them up Micah's graven image which he made, 
all the time that the house of God was in Shiloh. 

Judges, chap. 21. 

21 And see, and behold, if the daughters of Shiloh come out to 
dance in dances, then come ye out of the vineyards, and catch 
you every man his wife of the daughters of Shiloh, and go to the 
land of Benjamin. 

I. Samuel, cliap. 1. 

9 ft So Hannah rose up after they had eaten in Shiloh, and after 
they had drunk : (now Eli the priest sat upon a seat by a post of 
the temple of the Lord :) 

21 ft And when she had weaned him, she took him up with her, 
with three bullocks, and one ephah of flour, and a bottle of wine, 
and brought him unto the house of the Lord in Shiloh : and the 
child was young. 

I. Samuel, chap. 3. 

21 And the Lord appeared again in Shiloh : for the Lord re- 
vealed himself to Samuel in Shiloh by the word of the Lord. 

I. Samuel, chap. 4. 

3 ft And when the people were come into the camp, the elders 
of Israel said, Wherefore hath the Lord smitten us to-day before 
the Philistines? Let us fetch the ark of the covenant of the Lokd 
out of Shiloh unto us, that when it cometh among us, it may save 
us out of the hand of our enemies. 

12 ft And there ran a man of Benjamin out of the army, and 
came to Shiloh the same day with his clothes rent, and with earth 
upon his head. 

Psalm 7S. 

59 When God heard this, he was wroth, and greatly abhorred 
Israel : 

60 So that he forsook the tabernacle of Shiloh, the tent which 
he placed among men. 

Jeremiah, chap. 7. 

12 But go ye now unto my place which was in Shiloh, where I 



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set my name at the first, and see what I did to it for the wickedness 
of my people Israel. 

14 Therefore will I do unto this house, which is called by my 
name, wherein ye trust, and unto the place which I gave to you 
and to your fathers, as I have done to Shiloh. 

LEBONAH. 
Paint 4 M. Xorth-West from Shiloh (L). 

Here is seen a little cluster of venerable houses, hardly 
habitable. There is nothing in its location or ruins to 
signify a former importance. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Judges, chap. 21. 

19 Then they said, Behold, there is sl feast of the Lord in Shiloh 
yearly in a place which is on the north side of Beth-el, on the east 
side of the highway thatgoeth up from Beth-el to Shechem, and on 
the south ot Lebonah. 

M. JOPPA. 

Joppa, the sea-port of Judea, is admitted to be a very 
ancient place, and may have received its name from 
Japhet, the son of Noah. Perhaps the site was occupied 
by a city before the flood, as intimated by Pliny. Tra- 
dition located the building of the ark at this port. Here, 
also, according to classic legend, Andromeda was chained 
to the rock ! 

Joppa remained a Phcenecian city and port, until about 
one hundred and sixty years before Christ, when it was 
taken by the Jews. Since that time it has frequently 
changed owners and fortunes. 

A traveler who visited it about the year fifteen hun- 
dred and seventy, A. D., described the site as tJwn 
without a house standing. 

The present Joppa is built on a rocky ridge, projecting 
a little into the sea, the houses standing on terraces rising 



Model op Palestine. 



143 



one above another. It contains from eight to ten thous- 
and Turks, Christians, Jews, and Arabs. Within, "its 
streets are silent, sad and forlorn." 

"It has," says Stephens, "a line climate, and a fine 
country around it ; and the orange gardens are the finest 
on the shores of the Mediterranean." 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Josh., chap. 19. 

46 And Me-jarkon, and Rakkon, with the border before Japho. 
II. Chron., chap. 2. 

16 And we will cut wood out of Lebanon, as much as thou shalt 
need : and we will bring it to thee in floats by sea to Joppa ; and 
thou shalt carry it up to Jerusalem. 

Ezra, cliap. 3. 

7 They gave money also unto the masons, and to the carpen- 
ters ; and meat, and drink, and oil, unto them of Zidon, and to 
them of Tyre, to bring cedar-trees from Lebanon to the sea of Jop- 
pa, according to the grant that they had of Cyrus king of Persia. 

Jonah, chap. 1. 

3 But Jonah rose up to flee unto Tarshish from the presence of 
the Lord, and went down to Joppa ; and he found a ship going to 
Tarshish. 

Acts, chap. 9. 

36 <[ Now there was at Joppa a certain disciple named Tabitha, 
which by interpretation is called Dorcas ; this woman was full of 
good works and alms-deeds which she did. 

42 And it was known throughout all Joppa : and many believed 
in the Lord. 

43 And it came to pass, that he tarried many days in Joppa 
with one Simon a tanner. 

Acts, chap. 10. 

5 And now send men to Joppa, and call for one Simon, whose 
surname is Peter : 

6 He lodgeth with one Simon a tanner, whose house is by the 
sea-side : he shall tell thee what thou oughtest to do. 

23 Then called he them in, and lodged them. And on the mor- 
row Peter went away with them, and certain brethren from Joppa 
accompanied him. 



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Acts, cliap. 11. 

5 I was in the city of Joppa praying ; and in a trance I saw a 
vision, A certain vessel descending, as it had been a great sheet, let 
down from heaven by four corners ; and it came even to me. 

13 And he shewed us how he had seen an angel in his house, 
which stood and said unto him, Send men to Joppa, and call for 
Simon, whose surname is Peter. 

N. LYDDA. 

An ancient city, whose name has met with many 
changes. Lydda consists at the present time of ten or 
twelve good houses, and a hundred or more mud huts, 
encircled by orchards, in the midst of the green fields of 
Sharon. Fig, mulberry and date trees stand in the 
street, and oranges overhang every wall. 

" Few scenes," says Dixon, ' ' have a more perfect Arab 
character than the gate of Lydda, with its palms and 
pomegranates, its strings of passing camels, its knots of 
effendis smoking, and its groups of girls gossiping at the 
well." 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

I. €hron., chap. 8. 

12 The sons of Elpaal ; Eber, and Misham and Shamed, who 
built Ono, and Lod, with the towns thereof. 

Acts, chap. 9. 

32 And it came to pass, as Peter passed throughout all quarters, 
he came down also to the saints which dwelt at Lydda. 

35 And all that dwelt in Lydda and Saron saw him, and turned 
to the Lord. 

38 And forasmuch as Lydda was nigh to Joppa, and the disciples 
had heard that Peter was there, they sent unto him two men, desir- 
ing him that he would not delay to come to them. 

TIMNATH-SEPvAH. 

Point liy 2 M. North-East from Lydda (N). 

Near the Arab village of Tibneh are a few ancient 



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145 



ruins. Among them is a remarkable tomb, perhaps the 
resting place of Joshua. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Josh., chap. 19. 

49 ft When they had made an end of dividing the land for in- 
heritance by their coasts, the children of Israel gave an inherit- 
ance to Joshua the son of Nun among them : 

50 According to the word of the Lord they gave him the city 
which he asked, even Timnath-serah in mount Ephraim : and he 
built the city, and dwelt therein. 

Josh., chap. 24. 

29 ft And it came to pass after these things, that Joshua the son 
of Nun the servant of the Lord died, being a hundred and ten 
years old. 

30 And they buried him in the border of his inheritance in 
Timnath-serah, which is in mount Ephraim, on the north side of 
the hill of Gaash. 

O. BETHEL. 

A place and a name from the days of Abraham. 
From the ruins it appears to have been a town of mag- 
nitude and influence. Near the site, an Arab village of 
fifty or sixty families is located, and by some mistaken 
for Bethel. Around it on all sides is seen the desolation 
coming from long neglect. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Gen., chap. 12. 

8 And he removed from thence unto a mountain on the east of 
Beth-el, and pitched his tent, hairing Beth-el on the west, and Hai 
on the east ; and there he builded an altar unto the Lord, and called 
upon the name of the Lord. 

Gen., chap. 13. 

3 And he went on his journeys from the south even to Beth-el, 
unto the place where his tent had been at the beginning, between 
Beth-el and Hai. 

Gen., chap. 28. 

19 And he called the name of that place Beth-el ; but the name 
of that city was called Luz at the first. 



I 



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Gen., chap. 35. 

6 So Jacob came to Luz, which is in the land of Canaan (that 
is Beth-el) he and all the peoole that were with him. 

7 And he built there an altar, and called the place El-beth-el ; 
because there God appeared unto him, when he fled from the face 
of his brother. 

8 But Deborah, Rebekah's nurse, died, and she was buried be- 
neath Beth -el, under an oak : and the name of it was called Allon- 
bachuth. 

Josh., chap. 7. 

2 And Joshua sent men from Jericho to Ai y which is beside 
Beth-aven, on the east side of Beth-el, and spake unto them, say- 
ing, Go up and view the country. And the men went up and 
viewed Ai. 

Josh., chap. S. 

9 Joshua therefore sent them forth ; and they went to lie in 
ambush, and abode between Beth-el and Ai, on the west side of 
Ai : but Joshua lodged that night among the people. 

Judges, chap. 4. 

5 And she dwelt under the palm-tree of Deborah, between Ra- 
mah and Beth -el in mount Ephraini : and the children of Israel 
came up to her for judgment. 

I. Samuel, chap. 7. 

16 And he went from year to year in circuit to Beth-el,and Gil- 
gal, and Mizpeh, and judged Israel in all those places. 

I. King's, chap. 12. 

82 And Jeroboam ordained a feast in the eighth month, on the 
fifteenth day of the month, like unto the feast that is in Judah, 
and he offered upon the altar. So did he in Beth-el, sacrificing un- 
to the calves that he had made : and he placed in Beth-el the priests 
of the high places which he had made. 

I. King's, chap. 13. 

1 And, behold, there came a man of God out of Judah by the 
word of the Lord unto Beth-el ; and Jeroboam stood by the altarto 
burn incense. 

4 And it came to pass when king Jeroboam heard the saying of 
the man of God, which had cried against the altar in Beth-el, that 
he put forth his hand from the altar, saying, Lay hold on Mm. 
And his hand, which he put forth against him, dried up, so that he 
could not pull it in again to him. 

II. Kings, chap. 2. 

2 And Elijah said unto Elisha, Tarry here, I pray thee ; for the 



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Lord hath sent me to Beth-el. And Elisha said unto Mm, As the 
Lord liveth, and as thy soul liveth, I will not leave thee. So they 
went down to Beth-el. 

23 And he went up from thence unto Beth-el : and as he was 
going up by the way, there came forth little children out of the 
city, and mocked him, and said unto him, Go up, thou bald-head; 
go up, thou bald-head. 

II. Kings, chap. 17, 

28 Then one of the priests whom they had carried away from 
Samaria came and dwelt in Beth-el, and taught them how they 
should fear the Lord. 

I. Chron., chap. 7. 

28 1[ And their possessions and habitations were Beth -el, and 
the towns thereof, and eastward Naaran, and westward Gezer, 
with the towns thereof. 

Nehemiah, chap. 11. 

31 The children also of Benjamin from Geba dwelt at Michmash, 
and Aija, and Beth-el, and in their villages. 

Jeremiah, chap. 48. 

13 And Moab shall be ashamed of Chemosh, as the house of Is- 
rael was ashamed of Beth-el their confidence. 

Hosea, chap. 10. 

15 So shall Beth-el do unto you because of your great wicked- 
ness: in a morning shall the king of Israel utterly be cut off. 

Hosea, chap. 12. 

4 Yea, he had power over the angel, and prevailed : he wept, 
and made supplication unto him: he found- him in Beth-el, and 
there he spake with us. 

Amos, chap. 3. 

14 That, in the day that I shall visit the transgressions of Israel 
upon him, I will also visit the altars of Beth-el : and the horns of 
the altar shall be cut off, and fall to the ground. 

Amos, chap. 5. 

5 But seek not Beth-el, nor enter into Gilgal, and pass not to 
Beer-sheba : for Gilgal shall surely go into captivity, and Beth-el 
shall come to naught. 

6 Seek the Lord, and ye shall live ; lest he break out like Are 
in the house of Joseph, and devour it, and there be none to quench 
it in Beth -el. 



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UPPER BETH-HORON. 

Point 3 M, Westward from Bethel (O). 

Upper Beth-horon is a small ancient hamlet, standing 
on a prominence at the brow of the table-land of Jndea. 
Here are remains of a castle and other fortifications. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Josh., chap. 10. 

10 And the Lord discomfited them before Israel, and slew them 
with a great slaughter at Gibeon, and chased them along the way 
that goeth up to Beth-horon, and smote them to Azekah, and unto 
Makkedah. 

11 And it came to pass as they fled from before Israel, and were 
in the going down to Beth-horon, that the Lord cast down great 
stones from heaven upon them unto Azekah, and they died : they 
were more which died with hailstones than they whom the children 
of Israel slew with the sword. 

Josh., chap. 21. 

22 And Kibzaim with her surburbs, and Beth-horon with her 
surburbs ; four cities. 

I. Samuel, chap. 13. 

18 And another company turned the way to Beth-horon : and 
another company turned to the way of the border that looketh to 
the valley of Zeboim toward the wilderness. 

II. Chron., chap. 8. 

5 Also he built Beth-horon the upper, and Beth-horon the 
nether, fenced cities, with walls., gates, and bars. 

GIBEON. 

Point 4 M. South- West from Bethel (O). 

Clusters of miserable huts shelter a few score of wretch- 
ed and disagreeable inhabitants. Notable and extensive 
ruins furnish unmistakable evidence that here was a chief 
city. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josh., chap. 9. 

3 And when the inhabitants of Gibeon heard what Joshua 
had done unto Jericho, and to Ai, 



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4 They did work wilily, and went and made as if they had 
been ambassadors, and took old sacks upon their asses, and wine 
bottles, old, and rent, and bound up. 

17 And the children of Israel journeyed, and came unto their 
cities on the third day. Now their cities were Gibeon, and Che- 
phirah, Beeroth, and Kirjath-jearim. 

Joshua, cbap. 11. 

19 There was not a city that made peace with the children of 
Israel, save the Hivites the inhabitants of Gibeon: all other 
they took in battle. 

II. Samuel, chap. 2. 

12 <[ And Abner the son of JSTer, and the servants of Ish-bosheth 
the son of Saul, went out from Mahanaim to Gibeon. 

13 And Joab the son of Zeruiah, and the servants of David, 
went out, and met together by the pool of Gibeon : and they 
sat down, the one on the one side of the pool, and the other on the 
other side of the pool. 

21 Joab also and Abishai pursued after Abner: and the sun 
went down when they were come to the hill of Ammah, that lieth 
before Giah by the way of the wilderness of Gibeon. 

II. Samuel, chap. 20. 

8 When they were at the great stone which is in Gibeon, Amasa 
went before them. And Joab's garment that he had put on was 
girded unto him, and upon it a girdle with a sword fastened upon 
his loins in the sheath thereof ; and as he went forth it fell' out. 

I. Kings, chap. 3. 

4 And the king went to Gibeon to sacrifice there: for that was 
the great high place : a thousand burnt-offerings did Solomon offer 
upon that altar. 

5 ft In Gibeon the Lord appeared to Solomon in a dream by 
night : and God said, Ask what I shall give thee. 

I. Chron., chap. 14. 

1G David therefore did as God commanded him; and they 
smote the host of the Philistines from Gibeon even to Gazer. 



P. BAMLEH. 

A city of modern times, containing four or five thous- 
and people. Well built houses standing on the eastern 
slope of a sandy hill, surrounded by groves, gardens and 



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orchards, present the appearance of wealth and luxury. 
A notable Saracenic tower stands near the city. 

In the plains adjacent, many cruel battles were fought 
during the holy wars of the eleventh and twelfth cen- 
turies. No connection with Bible history is known. 

ekron. 

Point 4% M. South from Ramlch (P). 

At the time of Joshua, Ekron, the most northern city 
of the Philistines, was assigned to Judah. It appears to 
have remained in the hands of the Philistines (save per- 
haps, at short intervals) until the time of Alexander the 
Great, in the fourth century B. C. 

A confused cluster of mud hovels, fifty or more in 
number, now occupy the site. Two ancient wells are the 
only remains of this once royal city. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

I. Samuel, cliap. 5. 

10 Therefore they sent the arkr'of God to Ekron. And it came 
to pass as the ark of God came to Ekron, that the Ekronites cried 
out, saying, They have brought about the ark of the God of Israel 
to us, to slay us and our people. 

I. Samuel, eliap. 6. 

16 And when the five lords of the Philistines had seen ft, they 
returned to Ekron the same day. 

I. Samuel, chap. 7. 

14 And the cities which the Philistines had taken from Israel 
were restored to Israel, from Ekron even unto Gath ; and the coasts 
thereof did Israel deliver out of the hands of the Philistines : and 
there was peace between Israel and the Amorites. 

II. Kings, chap. 1. 

16 And he said unto him, Thus saith the Lord, Forasmuch as 
thou hast sent messengers to inquire of Baal-zebub the god of Ek- 
ron, is it not because there is no God in Israel to inquire of his word ? 
therefore thou shalt not come down off that bed on which thou 
art gone up, but shalt surely die. 



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Zecli., chap. 9. 

7 And I will take away his blood out of his mouth, and his 
abominations from between his teeth : but he that remaineth, even 
he, shall be for our God, and he shall be as a governor in Judah, and 
Ekron as a Jebusite. 

JABNEH. 

Point 6 M. South- West from Ramleh (P). 

A city of the plain of Philistia given to Judah. It is 
mentioned early in the Christian Era as being then flour- 
ishing and populous, the seat of a Jewish university. 

At this time it is a humble village, with few remain- 
ing evidences of former importance. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josh., chap. 15. 

11 And the border went out unto the side of Ekron northward: 
and the border was drawn to Shicron, and passed along to mount 
Baalah, and went out unto Jabneel ; and the goings out of the bor- 
der were at the sea. 

II. Chron., chap. 26. 

6 And he went forth and warred against the Philistines, and 
brake down the wall of Gath,and the wall of Jabneh, and the wall 
of Ashdod, and built cities about Ashdod, and among the Philis- 
tines. 

Q. GIBEAH. 

Only a few ruins scattered over a rounded hill remain 
to show where stood the city of the first King of Israel. 
It was often called "Gibeah of Saul." 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josh., chap. 18. 

28 And Zelah, Eleph, and Jebusi, which is Jerusalem, Gibeah, 
and Kirjath ; fourteen cities with their villages. This is the inher- 
itance of the children of Benjamin according to their families. 

Judges, chap. 19. 

12 And his master said unto him, We will not turn aside hither 



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into the city of a stranger, that is not of the children of Israel ; we 
Will pass over to Gibeah. 

10 f And behold, there came an old man from his work out of 
the field at even, which tvas also of mount Ephraim ; and he so- 
journed in Gibeah ; but the men of the place ivere Benjamites. 

Judges, chap. 20. 

43 TJius they enclosed the Benjamites round about, and chased 
them, and t rode them down with ease over against Gibeah toward 
the sun-rising. 

I. Sam., chap. 10. 

26 f And Saul also went home to Gibeah ; and there went with 
him a band of men, whose hearts God had touched. 

I. Sam., chap. 11. 

4 Then came the messengers to Gibeah of Saul, and told the 
tidings in the ears of the people : and all the people lifted up their 
voices and wept. 

I. Sam., chap. 13. 

2 Saul chose him three thousand men of Israel ; whereof two thou- 
sand were with Saul in Michmash and in mount Beth-el, and a 
thousand were with Jonathan in Gibeah of Benjamin : and the 
rest of the people he sent every man to his tent. 

15 And Samuel arose, and gat him up from Gilgal unto Gibeah 
of Benjamin. And Saul numbered the people that were present 
with him, about six hundred men. 

I. Sam., chap. 14. 

2 And Saul tarried in the uttermost part of Gibeah under a 
pomegranate-tree which is in Migron : and the people that were 
with him were about six hundred men. 

16 And the watchmen of Saul in Gibeah of Benjamin looked ; 
and behold, the multitude melted away, and they went on beating 
down one another, 

I. Sam., chap. 22. 

6 When Saul heard that David was discovered, and the men 
that were with him, (now Saul abode in Gibeah under a tree in Ra- 
man, having his spear in his hand, and all his servants were stand- 
ing about him.) • 

II. Sam., chap. 6. 

3 And they set the ark of God upon a new cart, and brought it 
out of the house of Abinadab that was in Gibeah : and Uzzah and 
Ahio the sons of Abinadab drave the new cart. 

II. Sam., chap. 21. 

6 Let seven men of his sons be delivered unto us, and we will 



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hang them up unto the Lord in Gibeah of Saul, whom the Lord 
did choose. And the king said, I will give them. 

Ilosea, chap. 5. 

8 Blow ye the cornet in Gibeah, and the trumpet in Raman : cry 
aloud at Beth-aven, after thee, O Benjamin. 

MIZPEH. 

Point 4 M. West from Gibeah, on the summit of Mt. Neby Samwil (16). 

A city of the Canaanites, given to the tribe of Benja- 
min, which became a noted gathering place of the people 
A small village containing a mosque, stands among the 
scattered remains of ancient and more noble buildings. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Josh., chap. 18. 

26 And Mizpeh, and Chephirah, and Mozah. 

Judges, chap. 21. 

I Now the men of Israel had sworn in Mizpeh, saying, There 
shall not any of us give his daughter unto Benjamin to wife. 

8 \ And they said, What one is there of the tribes of Israel that 
came not up to Mizpeh to the Lord? and behold, there came 
none to the camp from Jabesh-gilead to the assembly. 

I. Sam., chap. 7. 

5 And Samuel said, Gather all Israel to Mizpeh, and I will pray 
for you unto the Lord. 

II And the men of Israel went out of Mizpeh, and pursued the 
Philistines, and smote them, until they came under Beth-car. 

12 Then Samuel took a stone, and set it between Mizpeh and 
Shen, and called the name of it Eben-ezer, saying, Hitherto hath 
the Lord helped us. 

I. Kings, chap. 15. 

22 Then king Asa made a proclamation throughout all Judah ; 
none was exempted : and they took away the stones of Raman, 
and the timber thereof, wherewith Baasha had builded ; and king 
Asa built with them Geba of Benjamin, and Mizpah. 

RAMAH. 

Point 2 M. North from Gibeah (Q,). 

A town at the time of Joshua, given to the tribe of 



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Benjamin. It is now a little hamlet, showing marks of 
age and lack of thrift. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josli., chap. 18. 

25 Gibeon, and Raraah, and Beeroth. 

II. Chron., chap. 16. 

1 In the six and thirtieth year of the reign of Asa, Baasha king 
of Israel came up against Judah, and built Raman, to the intent 
that he might let none go out or come in to Asa king of Judah. 

Isaiah, chap. 10. 

29 They are gone over the passage : they have taken up their 
lodging at Geba ; Ramah is afraid ; Gibeah of Saul is fled. 

Jeremiah, chap. 40. 

1 The word which came to Jeremiah from the Lord, after that 
Nebuzar-adan the captain of the guard had let him go from Ra- 
mah, when he had taken him being bound in chains among all 
that were carried away captive of Jerusalem and Judah, which 
were carried away captive unto Babylon. 

Hosea, chap. 5. 

8 Blow ye the cornet in Gibeah, and the trumpet in Ramah : 
cry aloud at Beth-even, after thee, O Benjamin. 

ANATHOTH. 
Point 1 31. East from Gibeah (Q,). 

A city given to Benjamin by Joshua. Here is a vil- 
lage of some twenty houses on a broad open ridge, sur- 
rounded by poorly cultivated fields. It was the residence 
of officials connected with the ceremonies of the temple, 
and noted as the birth-place of the prophet Jeremiah. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josh., chap. 21. 

18 Anathoth with her suburbs, and Almon with her suburbs : 
four cities. 

I. Kings, chap. 2. 

26 And unto Abiathar the priest said the king, Get thee to 



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Anathoth, unto thine own fields ; for thou art worthy of death: 
but I will not at this time put thee to death, because thou barest 
the ark of the Lord God before David my father, and because thou 
hast been amicted in all wherein my father was afflicted. 

Isaiali, chap. 10. 

30 Lift up thy voice, O daughter of Gallim : cause it to be heard 
unto Laish, O poor Anathoth. 

Jeremiah, chap. 1. 

1 The words of Jeremiah the son of Plilkiah, of the priests 
that were in Anathoth in the land of Benjamin. 

Jeremiah, chap. 11. 

21 Therefore thus saith the Lord of the men of Anathoth, that 
seek thy life, saying, Prophesy not in the name of the Lord, that 
thou die not by our hand. 

23 And there shall be no remnant of them : for I will bring evil 
upon the men of Anathoth, even the year of their visitation. 

Jeremiah, chap. 32. 

7 Behold, Hanameel, the son of Shallum thine uncle, shall 
come unto thee, saying, Buy thee my field that is in Anathoth : for 
the right of redemption is thine to buy it. 

9 And I bought the field of Hanameel mine uncle's son, that 
was in Anathoth, and weighed him the money, even seventeen 
shekels of silver. 

NOB. 

Point 2 M. East from Gibeah (Q,). 

A village first mentioned in the days of King Saul. 
On a conical hill are traces of a small, but very ancient 
town. Here are cisterns hewn in the rock ; large build- 
ing stones; portions of the native rock leveled, and 
ruins of a small tower. 

The site answ T ers well to the jpquirements for Nob. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

I. Sam., chap. 21. 

1 Then came David to Nob to Ahimelech the priest : and Ahim- 
elech was afraid at the meeting of David, and said unto him, Why 
art thou alone, and no man with thee ? 



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I. Sam., cliap. 22. 

9 Then answered Doeg the Edomite, which was set over the 
servants of Saul, and said, I saw the son of Jesse coming to Nob, to 
Aliimelech the son of Ahitub. 

19 And Nob, the city of the priests, smote he with the edge of 
the sword, both men and women, children and sucklings, and 
oxen, and asses, and sheep, with the edge of the sword. 

Isaiah, cliap. 10. 

32 As yet shall he remain at Nob that day ; he shall shake his 
hand against the mount of the daughter of Zion, the hill of Jeru- 
salem. 

U. ASHDOD. 

A city of the Philistines, once of great strength and 
pride. It stood "in the way," between the empires of 
the Nile and the Euphrates, and at one time withstood 
from the Egyptian forces the longest siege ever required 
of a city. 

The modern Ashdod is a confused collection of mud 
huts, embowered in orchards covering the low hill on 
which it stands. Broken capitals, hewn stone, and frag- 
ments of columns from the ruins of former noble build- 
ings, are used to form walls for sheep pens, and the en- 
closures for the little yards or fields of its inhabitants. 

- BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josh., chap. 15. 

46 From Ekron even unto the sea, all that lay near Ashdod, 
with their villages : 

47 Ashdod, with her towns and her villages ; Gaza, with her 
towns and her villages, unto the river of Egypt, and the great sea, 
and the border thereof. 

I. Sam., chap. 5. 

1 And the Philistines took the ark of God, and brought it from 
Eben-ezer unto Ashdod. 

3 1[ And when they of Ashdod arose early on the morrow, be- 
hold Dagon ivas fallen upon his face to the earth before the ark of 
the Lord. 

6 But the hand ot the Lord was heavy upon them of Ashdod, 



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and he destroyed them, and smote them with emerods, even Ash- 
dod, and the coasts thereof. 

I. Sam., chap. 6. 

17 And these are the golden emerods which the Philistines re- 
turned for a trespass offering unto the Lord ; for Ashdod one, for 
Gaza one, for Askelon one, for Gath one, for Ekron one. 

Nchemiah, chap. 13. 

23 % In those days also saw I Jews that had married wives of 
Ashdod, of Amnion, and of Moab : 

24 And their children spake half in the speech of Ashdod, and 
could not speak in the Jews' language, but according to the lan- 
guage of each people. 

Isaiah, chap. 20. 

1 In the year that Tartan came unto Ashdod, (when Sargon the 
king of Assyria sent him,) and fought against Ashdod, and took it. 

Amos, chap. 1. 

8 And I will cut off the inhabitant from Ashdod, and him that 
holdeth the sceptre from Ashkelon, and 1 will turn mine hand 
against Ekron : and the remnant of the Philistines shall perish, 
saith the Lord God. 

Amos, chap. 3. 

9 If Publish in the palaces at Ashdod, and in the palaces in the 
land of Egypt, and say, Assemble yourselves upon the mountains 
of Samaria, and behold the great tumults in the midst thereof, 
and the oppressed in the midst thereof. 

Zech., chap. 9. 

6 And a bastard shall dwell in Ashdod, and I will cut off the 
pride of the Philistines. 

S. BETH SHEMESH. • 

An uninhabited spot, a heap of ruins, without special 
attraction to the casual visitor. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Josh., chap. 15. 

10 And the border compassed from Baalah westward unto 
mount Seir, and passed along unto the side of mount Jearim 
(which is Chesalon) on the north side, and went down to Beth-she- 
mesh, and passed on to Tinman. 



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Josh., chap. 21. 

16 And Ain with her suburbs, and Juttah with her suburbs, 
and Beth-shemesh with her suburbs; nine cities out of those two 
tribes. 

I. Sam., chap. 6. 

9 And see, if it goeth up by the way of his own coast to Beth- 
sheiuesh, then he hath done us this great evil : but if not, then we 
shall know that it is not his hand that smote us; it was a chance 
that happened to us. 

15 And the Levites took down the ark of the Lord, and the 
coffer that was with it, wherein the jewels of gold ivere, and put 
them on the great stone: and the men of Beth-shemesh offered 
burnt -offerings and sacrificed sacrifiesthe same day unto the Lord. 

19 f And he smote the men of Beth-shemesh, because they 
had looked into the ark of the Lord, even he smote of the people 
fifty thousand and threescore and ten men : and the people la- 
mented, because the Lord had smitten many of the people with 
a great slaughter. 

20 And the men of Beth-shemesh said, Who is able to stand be- 
fore this holy Lord God ? and to whom shall he go up from us. 

II. Kings, chap. 14. 

11 But Amaziah would not hear. Therefore Jehoash king of 
Israel went up ; and he and Amaziah king of Judah looked one 
another in the face at Beth-shemesh, which belongeth to Judah. 

II. Chron. chap. 28. 

IS The Philistines also had invaded the cities of the low coun- 
try, and of the south of Judah, and had taken Beth-shemesh, and 
Ajalomand Gederoth, and Shocho with the villages thereof, and 
Tinman with the villages thereof, Ginizo also and the villages 
thereof : and they dwelt there. 

AJALOX. 

Point 9 M. North from Beth Shemesh (S). 

A small village, seldom visited, and seeming to be de- 
void of interest to the traveler. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josh., chap. 10. 

12 r Then spake Joshua to the Lord in the day when the Lord 
delivered up the Amorites before the children of Israel, and he said 
in the sight of Israel. Sim. stand thou still upon Gibeon, and thou 
Moon, in the valley of Ajalon. 



Model of Palestine. 



159 



Josh., chap. 21. 

24 Aijalon with her suburbs, Gath-rimmon with her suburbs; 
four cities. 

Judges, cliap. 1. 

35 But the Amorites would dwell in mount Heres in Aijalon, 
and in Shaalbim : yet the hand of the house of Joseph prevailed, 
so that they became tributaries. 

I. Sam., chap. 14. 

31 And they smote the Philistines that day from Michmash to 
Aijalon ; and the people were very faint. 

I. Chron., chap. 8. 

13 Beriah also, and Shema, who were heads of the fathers of the 
inhabitants of Ajalon, who drove away the inhabitants of Gath. 

TIMNATH. 

Point 2 M. West from Beth Shemesh (S). 

Deserted remains of evidently only an ordinary village. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Gen., chap. 38. 

12 And in process of time, the daughter of Shuah, Judah's 
wife died : and Judah was comforted, and went up unto his sheep- 
shearers to Timnath, he and his friend Hirah the Adullamite. 

Judges, chap. 14. 

1 And Samson went down to Timnath, and saw a woman in 
Timnath of the daughters of the Philistines. 

5 Then went Samson down, and his father and his mother, to 
Timnath, and came to the vineyards of Timnath: and behold, a 
young lion roared against him. 

Judges, chap. 15. 

G Then the Philistines said, Who hath done this? And they 
answered, Samson, the son-in-law of the Timnite, because he had 
taken his wife, and given her to his companion. And the Philis- 
tines came up, and burnt her and her father with fire. 



T. BETHLEHEM. 

Bethlehem is a thriving town, "prettily couched on 



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the side of a hill.* It has three or four thousand inhab- 
itants, mostly Christians. 

Agriculture, with the products of the numerous herds, 
constitutes their chief dependence, while a considerable 
income is drawn from the sale to its many visitors, of 
home manufactured articles of stone, mother-of-pearl, and 
native woods. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Judges, chap. 17. 

8 And the man departed out of the city from Beth-lehem-judah 
to sojourn where he could find a place: and he came to mount 
Ephraim to the house of Micah, as he journeyed. 

Judges, chap. 19. 

1 And it came to pass in those days, when there was no king in 
Israel, that there was a certain Levite sojourning on the side of 
mount Ephraim, who took to him a concubine out of Beth-lehem- 
judah. 

Ruth, ehap. 1. 

1 Now it came to pass in the days when the judges ruled, that 
there was a famine in the land. And a certain man of Beth-le- 
hem-judah went to sojourn in the country of Moab, he, and 
his wife, and his two sons. 

2 And the name of the man was Elimelech, and the name of his 
wife Naomi, and the name of his two sons Mahlon and Chilion, 
Ephrathites of Beth-lehem-judah. And they came into the coun- 
try of Moab, and continued there. 

22 So Naomi returned, and Ruth the Moabitess her daughter- 
in-law with her, which returned out of the country of Moab : and 
they came to Beth-lehem in the beginning of barley-harvest. 

Ruth, ehap. 2. 

4 And behold, Boaz came from Beth-lehem, and said unto the 
reapers, The Lord be with you. And they answered him, The 
Lord bless thee. 

Ruth, chap. 4. 

11 And all the people that were in the gate, and the elders, said, 
We are witnesses. The Lqrd make the woman that is come into 
thy house like Rachel and like Leah, which two did build the 
house of Israel ; and do thou worthily in Ephratah and be famous 
in Beth-lehem. 



Model op Palestine. 



161 



I. Samuel, chap. 16. 

1 And the Lord said unto Samuel, How long wilt thou mourn 
for Saul, seeing I have rejected him from reigning over Israel? fill 
thy horn with oil, and go, I will send thee to Jesse the Beth-lehem- 
ite : for I have provided me a king among his sons. 

18 Then answered one of the servants, and said, Behold, I have 
seen a son of Jesse the Beth-lehemite, that is cunning in playing, 
and a mighty valiant man, and a man of war, and prudent in 
matters, and a comely person, and the Lord is with him. 

I. Samuel, cbap. 17. 

12 Now David was the son of that Ephrathite of Beth-lehem- 
judah, whose name was Jesse; and he had eight sons: and the 
man went among men for an old man in the days of Saul. 

II. Samuel, chap. 2. 

32 And they took up Asahel, and buried him in the sepulchre 
of his father, which was in Beth-lehem. And Joab and his men 
went all night, and they came to Hebron at break of day. 

II. Samuel, chap. 23. 

14 And David was then in a hold, and the garrison of the Philis- 
tines was then in Beth-lehem. 

15 And David longed, and said, Oh that one would give me 
drink of the water of the well of Beth-lehem, which is by the gate. 

Micah, chap. 5. 

2 But thou, Beth-lehem Ephratah, though thou be little among 
the thousands of Judah, yet out of thee shall he come forth unto 
me that is to be ruler in Israel : whose goings forth have been from 
of old, from everlasting. 

Mat., chap. 2. 

1 Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea, in the days 
of Herod the king, behold, there came wise men from the east to 
Jerusalem. 

5 And they said unto him, in Bethlehem of Judea : for thus it is 
written by the prophet, 

6 And thou Bethlehem, in the land of Juda, art not the least 
among the princes of Juda: for out of thee shall come a Governor, 
that shall rule my people Israel. 

8 And he sent them to Bethlehem, and said, Go, and search dil- 
igently for the young child ; and when ye have found him bring me 
word again, that I may come and worship him also. 

16 Then Herod, when he saw that he was mocked of the wise 
men, was exceeding wroth, and sent forth, and slew all the chil- 
dren that were in Bethlehem, and in all the coasts thereof, from 



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two years old and under, according to the time which he had dili- 
gently inquired of the wise men. 

Luke, chap. 2. 

4 And Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Naz- 
areth, into Judea, unto the city of David, which is called Bethle- 
hem, (because he was of the house and lineage of David.) 

Jobn, chap. 7. 

42 Hath not the scripture said, That Christ cometh of the seed 
of David, and out of the town of Bethlehem, where David was ? 

rachel's tomb. 

JPoint 1 M. North from Bethlehem (T). 

No doubt seems to exist of the identity of this place as 
the spot where Jacob laid the remains of his beloved Ra- 
chel. It is now marked by a Mohammedan structure, a 
small square building with a dome. 

Gen., cbap. 35. 

19 And Rachel died, and was buried in the way to Ephrath, 
which is Beth-lehem. 

20 And Jacob set a pillar upon her grave : that is the pillar of 
Rachel's grave unto this day. 

Gen., cbap. 48. 

7 And as for me, when I came from Padan, Rachel died by me 
in the land of Canaan in the way, w r hen yet there was but a little 
way to come unto Ephrath : and I buried her there in the way of 
Ephrath ; the same is Beth-lehem. 

I. Sam., cbap. 10, 

2 When thou art departed from me to-day, then thou shalt find 
two men by Rachel's sepulchre in the border of Benjamin at Zel- 
zah ; and they will say unto thee, The asses which thou wentest to 
seek are found : and lo, thy father hath left the care of the asses, 
and sorroweth for you, saying, What shall I do for my son ? 

Mat., cbap. 2. 

18 In Rama was there a voice heard, lamentation, and weeping, 
and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children, and would 
not be comforted, because they are not. 



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U. ASKELON. 

Askelon, a city and sea-port more ancient than histo- 
ry, occupied a strong position upon the Mediterranean 
coast. 

There appears to have been but little intercourse be- 
tween its inhabitants and the children of Israel. 

The city though meeting many reverses, is said to have 
slowly increased in magnitude and wealth until the 
twelfth century, when it was the most important town 
upon the sea coast. It was then a large city of great 
natural strength, with massive double walls, and sur- 
rounded by extensive and highly fertile fields, and num- 
berless gardens, orchards and vineyards. 

Herod the Great appears as its most illustrious de- 
scendant. 

At the present day a mean little village clusters near 
the ancient walls; but no inhabitant occupies the limits 
of the former city of Askelon — that is a desolate heap of 
ruins. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Judges, chap. 1. 

18 Also Judah took Gaza with the coast thereof, and Askelon 
with the coast thereof, and Ekron with the coast thereof. 

Judges, chap. 14. 

19 And the Spirit of the Lord came upon him, and he went 
down to Ashkelon, and slew thirty men of them, and took their 
spoil, and gave change of garments unto them which expounded 
the riddle. And his anger was kindled and he went up to his 
lather's house. 

I. Samuel, chap. 6. 

17 And these are the golden emerods which the Philistines re- 
turned for a trespass offering unto the Lord; for Ashdod one, for 
Gaza one, for Askelon one, for Gath one, for Ekron one. 

II. Samuel, chap. 1. 

20 Tell it not in Gath, publish it not in the streets of xlskelon ; 



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lest the daughters of the Philistines rejoice, lest the daughters of 
the uncircumcised triumph. 

Jeremiah, chap. 25. 

20 And all the mingled people, and all the kings of the land of 
Uz, and all the kings of the land of the Philistines, and Ashkelon, 
and Azzah, and Ekron, and the remnant of Ashdod. 

Jeremiah, chap. 47. 

5 Baldness is come upon Gaza : Ashkelon is cut off with the 
remnant of their valley : how long wilt thou cut thyself? 

7 How can it be quiet, seeing the Lord hath given it a charge 
against Ashkelon, and against the sea shore? there hath he ap- 
pointed it. 

Amos, chap. 1. 

8 And I will cut off the inhabitant from Ashdod, and him that 
holdeth the sceptre from Ashkelon, and I will turn my hand 
against Ekron : and the remnant of the Philistines shall perish, 
saith the Lord God. 

Zeph., chap. 2. 

4 For Gaza shall be forsaken, and Ashkelon a desolation: 
they shall drive out Ashdod at the noonday, and Ekron shall be 
rooted up. 

6 And the sea coast shall be dwellings, and cottages for shep- 
herds, and folds for flocks. 

7 And the coast shall be for the remnant of the house of Judah ; 
they shall feed thereupon : in the houses of Ashkelon shall they 
lie down in the evening : for the Lord their God shall visit them, 
and turn away their captivity. 

Zech., chap. 9. 

5 Ashkelon shall see it, and fear ; Gaza also shall see it, and be 
very sorrowful, and Ekron ; for her expectation shall be ashamed ; 
and the king shall perish from Gaza, and Ashkelon shall not be 
inhabited. 

V, HEBRON. 

Hebron is a city of some eight or ten thousand people, 
lying in a beautiful, well watered valley, surrounded by 
fields still productive. No place known appears better 
adapted to the production of the grape in its highest per- 
fection. In the town is a small manufactory of glass 
bottles and trinkets ; but its inhabitants depend mostly 



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165 



upon the products of the field, the herd, the vine and 
the hive for support. 

Hebron is favored with a long continued existence, 
hardly equaled in the world. It was the home of Abra- 
ham, Isaac and Jacob, and contains their tombs, enclosed 
at present by & Mohammedan mosque, which is guarded 
with jealous care. The Jews esteem Hebron as a holy 
city. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Gen., chap. 13. 

18 Then Abram removed his tent, and came and dwelt in the 
plain of Mamre, which is in Hebron, and built there an altar unto 
the Lord. 

Gen., chap. 23. 

2 And Sarah died in.Kirjath-arba ; the same is Hebron in the 
land of Canaan : And Abraham came to mourn for Sarah, and to 
weep for her. 

19 And after this, Abraham buried Sarah his wife in the cave 
of the field of Machpelah, before Mamre : the same is Hebron in 
the land of Canaan. 

Gen., chap. 37. 

14 And he said to him, Go, I pray thee, see whether it be well 
with thy brethren, and well with the flocks; and bring me word 
again. So he sent him out of the vale of Hebron, and he came to 
Shechem. 

Num., chap. 13. 

22 And they ascended by the south, and came unto Hebron; 
where Ahiman, Sheshai, and Talmai, the children of Anak, were. 
(Now Hebron was built seven years before Zoan in Egypt.) 

Josh., chap. 10. 

36 And Joshua went up from Eglon, and all Israel with him, 
unto Hebron ; and they fought against it. 

39 And he took it, and the king thereof, and all the cities 
thereof, and they smote them with the edge of the sword, and 
utterly destroyed all the souls that were therein; he left none 
remaining: as he had done to Hebron, so he did to Debir, and to 
the king thereof; as he had done also to Libnah, and to her king. 

Josh., chap. 14. 

13 And Joshua blessed him, and gave unto Caleb the son of Je- 
phunneh, Hebron for an inheritance. 



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15 And the name of Hebron before ivas Kirjath-arba ; which 
Arba was a great man among the Anakims. xYnd the land had 
rest from war. 

II. 8am., chap. 2. 

11 And the time that David was king in Hebron, over the 
house of Judah, was seven years and six months. 

II. Sam., chap, 3. 

2 And unto David were sons born in Hebron : and his first- 
born was Amnon, of Ahinoam the Jezreelitess. 

32 And they buried Abner in Hebron: and the king lifted up 
his voice and wept at the grave of Abner ; and all the people wept. 

II. 8am., cliap. 5. 

1 Then came all the tribes of Israel to David unto Hebron, and 
spake, saying, Behold, we are thy bone and thy flesh. 

II. 8am., chap. 15. 

7 And it came to pass after forty years, that Absalom said unto 
the king, I pray thee, let me go and pay my vow, which I have 
vowed unto the Lord, in Hebron. 

10 But Absalom sent spies throughout all the tribes of Israel, 
saying, As soon as ye hear the sound of the trumpet, then ye shall 
say, Absalom reigneth in Hebron. 

I. Chron., chap. 6. 

3 Therefore came all the elders of Israel to the king to Hebron : 
and David made a covenant with them in Hebron before the Lord; 
and they anointed David king over Israel, according to the word 
of the Lord by Samuel. 

I. Chron., chap. 12. 

23 % And these are the numbers of the bands that were ready 
armed to the war, and came to David to Hebron, to turn the king- 
dom of Saul to him, according to the word of the Lord. 

33 All these men of war, that could keep rank, came with a 
perfect heart to Hebron, to make David king over all Israel : and 
all the rest also of Israel were of one heart to make David king. 

I. Chron., chap. 29. 

27 And the time that he reigned over Israel was forty years; 
seven years reigned he in Hebron, and thirty and three pears 
reigned he in Jerusalem, 



Model of Palestine. 



167 



TEKOA. 

Point 5 M. North-East from Hebron (V). 

A wretched village, among uninteresting ruins scatter- 
ed upon a rounded knoli, which is perforated with wind- 
ing and intricate caverns, 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
II. Chron., chap. 11. 

5 And Rehoboam dwelt In Jerusalem, and built cities for de- 
fence in Judah. 

a He built even Beth-lehemJ and Etam, and Tekoa. 

II. Cliron., chap. 20. 

20 And they rose early in the morning, and went forth into 
the wilderness of Tekoa: and as they went forth, Jehoshaphat 
stood and said, Hear me, O Judah, and ye inhabitants of Jerusa- 
lem ; Believe in the Lord your God, «o shall ye be established: be- 
lieve his prophets, so shall ye prosper. 

Neliemiab. chap. 3. 

5 And next unto them the Tekoites repaired ; but their nobles 
put not their necks to the work of their Lord 

Amos, chap. 1. 

1 The words of Amos, who was among the herdmen of Tekoa, 
which he saw concerning Isarel in the days of Uzziah king of 
Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash king of Israel,, 
two years before the earthquake, 

ZIPH. 

Point 3 M. South-East from Hebron <V). 

A low hill, with the prostrate ruins of a once small 
city, now entirely deserted, is all that is left of Ziph. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

I. Sam., chap. 23. 

14 And David abode in the wilde2*n<ess in strong holds, and re- 
mained in a mountain in the wilderness of Ziph. And Saul sought 
iiim every day, but God delivered him not into his hand. 

24 And they arose, and went to Ziph before Saul: but Davit! 



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and his men were in the wilderness of Maon y in the plain on the 
south of Jeshimon. 

I. Sam., chap. 26. 

1 And the Ziphites came unto Saul to Gibeah, saying, Doth 
not David hide himself in the hill of Hachilah, which is before 
Jeshimon ? 

2 Then Saul arose, and went down to the wilderness of Ziph, 
having three thousand chosen men of Israel with him, to seek 
David in the wilderness of Ziph. 

W. BEIT JIBRIN, OR ELEUTHEROPOLIS OF THE 
ROMANS. 

From its commanding natural position it was looked 
upon by many as the site of Gath. Here are the ruins 
of a castle, evidently of great strength, built by the Rom- 
ans not long from the commencement of the Christian 
Era, and destroyed by the Saracens in the ninth centu- 
ry. Nothing yet appears connecting the place with any 
Bible record. 

A modern village lies half hidden in a valley or nook, 
in the hill-side near. 

JARMUTH. 
JPoini 5 M. North from Beit Jibrin (W). 

Standing upon a rocky ridge, seldom visited by travel- 
ers, is a little Arab village with scattered ruins, indica- 
ting the former site of Jarmuth, a Canaanite city of the 
time of Joshua. 

BIBLE REFERENCES, 

Josh., chap. 10. 

5 Therefore the five kings of the Amorites, the king of Jerusa- 
lem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Laehish, 
the king of Eglon, gathered themselves together, and went up, 
they and all their hosts, and encamped before Gibeon, and made 
war against it. 



Model of Palestine. 



169 



MARESHAH. 
Point 2 M. South from Beit Jibrin (W). 

A cluster of ruins on a low ridge. The hill-side abounds 
in caverns. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
II. Chron., chap. 14. 

9 f And there came out against them Zerah the Ethiopian with 
an host of a thousand thousand, and three hundred chariots ; and 
came unto Mareshah. 

10 Then Asa went out against him, and they set the battle in 
array in the valley of Zephathah at Mareshah. 

II. Chron., chap. 20. 

37 Then Eliezer the son of Deodavah of Mareshah prophesied 
against Jehoshaphat, saying, Because thou hast joined thyself 
with Ahaziah, the Lord hath broken thy works. And the ships 
were broken, that they were not able to go to Tarshish. 

Micah, chap. 1. 

15 Yet will I bring an heir unto thee, O inhabitant of Mareshah : 
he shall come unto Adullam the glory of Israel. 

GATH. 

. Point 6 M. North- West from Beit Jibrin (W). 

There is no positive evidence that the location of ancient 
Gath is known. Many indications point to this spot, 
where are notable ruins. Its situation, the magnitude 
and extent of the remains of ancient foundations, are ev- 
idences of its having been once occupied by a city of im- 
portance. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josh., chap. 11. 

22 There was none of the Anakims left in the land of the chil- 
dren of Israel: only in Gaza, in Gath, and in Ashdod, there re- 
mained. 

I. Sam., chap. 5. 

8 They sent therefore, and gathered all the lords of the Philis- 



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tines unto them, and said, What shall we do with the ark of the 
God of Israel ? And they answered, Let the ark of the God of Israel 
be carried about unto Gath. And they carried the ark of the God 
of Israel about thither. 

Xm Sam., chap. 17. 

4 And there went out a champion out of the camp of the 
Philistines, named Goliath, of Gath, whose height was six cubits 
and a span. 

23 And as he talked with them, behold, there came up the 
champion, the Philistine of Gath, Goliath by name, out of the 
armies of the Philfsines, and spake according to the same words : 
and David heard them. 

I. Sam., chap. 21. 

10 ft And David arose, and fled that day for fear of Saul, and 
went to Achish the king of Gath. 

12 And David laid up these words in his heart, and was sore 
afraid of Achish the king of Gath. 

I. Sam., chap. 27. 

2 And David arose, and he passed over with the six hundred 
men that were with him unto Achish, the son of Maoch, king of 
Gath. 

II. Sam., chap. 1. 

20 Tell it not in Gath, publish it not in the streets of Askelon ; 
lest the daughters of the Philistines rejoice, lest the daughters 
of the uncircuincised triumph. 

II. Sam., chap. 21. 

20 And there was yet a battle in Gath, where was a man of great 
stature, that had on every hand six fingers, and on every foot six 
toes, four and twenty in number; and he also was born to the 
giant. 

22 These four were born to the giant in Gath, and fell by the 
hand of David, and by the hand of his servants. 

II. Kings, chap. 12, 

17 ft Then Hazael king of Syria went up, and fought against 
Gath, and took it : and Hazael set his face to go up to Jerusalem. 

X. EGLON. 

The former city of Eglon is now "a shapeless mass of 
ruins and rubbish, strewn over a rounded hillock." 
" Here," says Rev. J. L. Porter, " two or three marble 



Model op Palestine. 



171 



shafts stand, keeping sentinel, like tomb-stones in an old 
cemetery." 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josh., chap. 10. 

3 Wherefore Adoni-zedek king of Jerusalem sent unto Hoham 
king of Hebron, and unto Piram king of Jarmuth, and unto Ja- 
phia king of Lachish, and unto Debir king of Eglon, saying. 

36 And Joshua went up from Eglon, and all Israel with him, 
unto Hebron ; and they fought against it. 

Josh., chap. 12. 

12 The king of Eglon, one; the king of Gezer, one. 



LACHISH. 
Point 2 M. Westward from Eglon (X). 

Only a few scattered ruins mark the place. The plain 
on the north is thought to have been the camp of the 
Assyrian army. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josh., chap. 10. 

33 Then Horam king of Gezer came up to help Lachish ; and 
Joshua smote him and his people, until he had left him none re- 
maining. 

Josh., chap. 12. 

11 The king of Jarmuth, one; the king of Lachish, one. 
II. Kings, chap. 14. 

19 Now they made a conspiracy against him in Jerusalem : and 
he fled to Lachish ; but they sent after him to Lachish, and slew 
him there. 

II. Kings, chap. 19. 

35 And it came to pass that night, that the angel of the Lord 
went out, and smote in the camp of the Assyrians a hundred four- 
score and five thousand : and when they arose early in the morn- 
ing, behold, they were all dead corpses. 

II. Chron, chap. 32. 

9 After this did Sennacherib king of Assyria, send his ser- 
vants to Jerusalem (but he himself laid siege against Lachish, and 



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all his power with him,) unto Hezekiah king of Judah, and 
unto all Judah that wei-e at Jerusalem, saying. 

Isaiah, chap. 36. 

2 And the king of Assyria sent Rabshakeh from Lachish to Je- 
rusalem unto king Hezekiah with a great army. And he stood by 
the conduit of the upper pool in the highway of the Fuller's field. 

Mi call, chap. 1. 

13 O thou inhabitant of Lachish, bind the chariot to the swift 
beast : she is the beginning of the sin to the daughter of Zion : for 
the transgressions of Israel were found in thee. 

Y. GAZA. 

A lordly city of the ancient Philistines, mentioned in 
the Bible more than two thousand years before the Christ- 
ian Era, and previous to the calling of Abraham. 

At the conquest of Canaan by Joshua, it was assigned 
to Judah, but it continued a city of Philistia, with only 
short interruptions, down nearly to the time of Alexander 
the Great. A location nearer the sea is by some thought 
to be the more ancient and perhaps original site. It is 
said to contain many ruins of interest. Gaza, though 
meeting many reverses, has had a continued existence 
since its earliest mention. Its lowest stage appears to 
have been in the latter part of the seventeenth century. 
The town at the present time resembles a united cluster 
of several large villages, and contains from sixteen to 
twenty thousand people. It is a distributing point for 
the inland portions of Arabia. 

The neighboring plain is exceedingly fertile. Some of 
its famous olive groves are claimed as having existed" 
from the time of Alexander the Great. 

At Gaza, soap, oil, and some coarse cotton goods are 
manufactured. 



Model of Palestine. 



173 



BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Gen., chap. 10. 

19 And the border of the Canaanites was from Sidon, as thou 
comest to Gerar, unto Gaza ; as thou goest unto Sodom, and Gomor- 
rah, and Adman, and Zeboim, even unto Lasha. 

Dent., chap. 2. 

23 And the Avims which dwelt in Hazerim, even unto Azzah, 
the Caphtorim, which came forth out of Caphtor, destroyed them, 
and dwelt in their stead. 

Josh., chap. 10. 

41 And Joshua smote them from Kadesh-barnea even unto 
Gaza, and all the country of Goshen, even unto Gibeon. 

Josh., chap. 11. 

22 There was none of the Anakims left in the land of the chil- 
dren of Israel : only in Gaza, in Gath, and in Ashdod, there re- 
mained. 

Judges, chap. 1. 

18 Also Judah took Gaza with the coast thereof, and Askelon 
with the coast thereof, and Ekron with the coast thereof. 

Judges, chap. 16. 

2 And it was told the Gazites, saying, Samson is come hither. 
And they compassed him in, and laid wait for him all night in the 
gate of the city, and we're quiet all the night, saying, In the morn- 
ing when it is day we shall kill him. 

. 21 But the Philistines took him, and put out his eyes, and 
brought him down to Gaza, and bound him with fetter of brass ; 
and he did grind in the prison house. 

I. Sam., chap. 6. 

17 And these are the golden emerods which the Philistines re- 
turned/or a trespass-offering unto the Lord; for Ashdod one, for 
Gaza one, for Askelon one, for Gath one, for Ekron one. 

II. Kings, chap. 18. 

8 He smote the Philistines, even unto Gaza, and the borders 
thereof, from the tower of the watchmen to the fenced city. 

Jeremiah, chap. 47. 

5 Baldness is come upon Gaza ; Ashkelon is cut off with the 
remnant of their valley : how long wilt thou cut thyself ? 



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Amos, chap. 1. 

6 Thus saith the Lord; For three transgressions of Gaza, and 
for four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof ; because they 
carried away captive the whole captivity, to deliver them up to 
Edom. 

7 But I will send a fire on the wall of Gaza, which shall devour 
the palaces thereof. 

Zeph., chap. 2. 

4 If For Gaza shall be forsaken, and Ashkelon a desolation: they 
shall drive out Ashdod at the noon-day, and Ekron shall be rooted 
up. 

Acts, cliap. 8. 

26 And the angel of the Lord spake unto Philip, saying, Arise, 
and go toward the south, unto the way that goeth down from Je- 
rusalem unto Gaza, which is desert. 

GERAR. 

Point 10 M. South-East from Gaza (Y). 

A city at the time of Abraham. A mound of earth, 
a few scattering bits of pottery, with two or three traces 
of foundations only are left. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Gen., cliap. 20. 

1 And Abraham journeyed from thence toward the south coun- 
try, and dwelled between Kadesh and Shur, and sojourned in Gerar. 

Gen., chap. 26. 

1 And there was a famine in the land, besides the first famine 
that was in the days of Abraham. And Isaac went unto Abime- 
lech king of the Philistines unto Gerar. 

6 And Isaac dwelt in Gerar. 

20 And the herdmen of Gerar did strive with Isaac's herdmen, 
saying, The water is ours : and he called the name of the well Esek ; 
because they strove with him. 

II. Citron., chap. 14. 

13 And Asa and the people that icere with him pursued them 
unto Gerar : and the Ethiopians were overthrown, that they could 
not recover themselves ; for they were destroyed before the Lord, 
and before his host; and they carried away very much spoil. 

14 And they smote all the cities round about Gerar ; for the fear 



Model of Palestine. 



175 



of the Lord came upon them : and they spoiled all the cities; for 
there was exceeding much spoil in them. 

Z. BEER-SHEBA. 

A piece of standing wall, traces of ancient foundations, 
fragments of earthen vessels, and two wells of excellent 
water, still remain to indicate the site of ancient Beer- 
Sheba. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Gen., chap. 21. 

14 And Abraham rose up early in the morning, and took bread, 
and a bottle of water, and gave it unto Hagar, (putting it on her 
shoulder) and the child, and sent her away : and she departed, and 
wandered in the wilderness of Beer-sheba. 

31 Wherefore he called that place Beer-sheba; because there 
they sware both of them. 

32 Thus they made a covenant at Beer-sheba : then Abimelech 
rose up, and Phicol the chief captain of his host, and they returned 
into the land of the Philistines. 

33 And Abraham planted a grove in Beer-sheba, and called 
there on the name of the Lord, the everlasting God. 

Ceii., chap. 26. 

32 And it came to pass the same day, that Isaac's servants came, 
and told him concerning the well which they had digged, and said 
unto him, We have found water. 

33 And he called it Sheba: therefore the name of the city is 
Beer-sheba unto this day. 

Gen., chap. 28. 

10 And Jacob went out from Beer-sheba, and went toward 
Haran. 

Gen., chap. 46. 

1 And Israel took his journey with all that he had, and came 
to Beer-sheba, and offered sacrifices unto the God of his father 
Isaac. 

5 And Jacob rose up from Beer-sheba: and the sons of Israel 
carried Jacob their father, and their little ones, and their wives, in 
the wagons which Pharaoh had sent to carry him. 

I. Sain., chap. 3. 

20 And all Israel, from Dan even to Beer-sheba, knew that 
Samuel was established to be a prophet of the Lord. 



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I. Kings, chap. 4. 

25 And Judah and Israel dwelt safely, every man under his 
vine and under his fig-tree, from Dan even to Beer-sheba, all the 
days of Solomon. 

I. Kings, chap. 19. 

3 And when he saw that, he arose, and went for his life, and 
came to Beer-sheba, which belongeth to Judah, and left his servant 
there. 

II. Kings, chap. 12* 

1 In the seventh year of Jehu, Jehoash began to reign ; and 
forty years reigned he in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was 
Zibiah of Beer-sheba. 

II. Chron., chap. 30. 

5 So they established a decree to make proclamation through- 
out all Israel, from Beer-sheba even to Dan, that they should come 
to keep the pavssover unto the Lord God of Israel at Jerusalem : 
for they had not done it of a long time in. such sort as it was written. 

ZIKLAG. 

Point 9 M. West from Beer-sheba (Z). 

The location of a city at this point in ancient times, is 
indicated by a few squared stones with scattering frag- 
ments of pottery. It may have been Ziklag, David's 
first city. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josh., chap. 15. 

31 And Ziklag, and Madmannah, and Sansannah. 

I. Sam., chap. 27. 

6 Then Achish gave him Ziklag that day : wherefore Ziklag 
pertaineth unto the kings of Judah unto this day. 

I. Sam., chap. 30. 

1 And it came to pass, when David and his men were come to 
Ziklag on the third day, that the Amalekites had invaded the 
south, and Ziklag, and smitten Ziklag, and burned it with fire. 

26 And when David came to Ziklag, he sent of the spoil unto 
the elders of Judah, even to his friends, saying, Behold a present 
for you, of the spoil of the enemies of the Lord. 



Model of Palestine. 



177 



A** ban. 

The place of Dan is without a single inhabitant. Its 
few ruins are examined with difficulty, by reason of the 
rank growth of briars, thistles and thorns, entirely cov- 
ering them. 

Near the site, a remarkable fountain bursts forth from 
the hill, at once a mill-stream, and an important source 
of the river Jordan. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Gen., chap. 14. 

14 And when Abram heard that his brother was taken captive, 
he armed his trained servants, born in his own house, three hun- 
dred and eighteen, and pursued them unto Dan, 

II. Sam., chap. 17. 

11 Therefore I counsel that all Israel be generally gathered unto 
thee, from Dan even to Beer-sheba, as the sand that is by the sea 
for multitude : and that thou go to battle in thine own person. 

II. Sam., chap. 24. 

2 For the king said to Joab, the captain of the host, which was 
with him, Go now through all the tribes of Israel, from Dan even 
to Beer-sheba, and number ye the people, that I may know the 
number of the people. 

I. King-s, chap. 4. 

25 And Judah and Israel dwelt safely, every man under his 
vine and his fig-tree from Dan even to Beer-sheba, all the days of 
Solomon. 

I. Kings, chap. 12. 

29 And he set the one in Beth-el, and the other put he in Dan. 

30 And this thing became a sin: for the people went to worship 
before the one, even unto Dan„ 

ABEL. 

Point 3 M. North-East from Dan (A). 

On a low ridge lies a little village, inhabited by native 



-Note. — Italic capitals refer to letters on the Model, painted 
red, and placed in or east of the valley of the Jordan. 



178 



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Christians, indicating the place of Abel. Little remains 
of the ancient town, beside its scripture record. 

BIBLE REFERENCES, 

II. Sam., chap. 20- 

14 f And he went through all the tribes of Israel unto Abel, 
and toBeth-raaachah, and all the Berites ; and they were gathered 
together, and weM also after him. 

15 And they came and besieged him In Abel ©f Beth-nsaashah* 
and they cast up a bank against the eity r a»d itst©od in the trench -v. 
and all the people that were with Joab battered the wall, to throw 
it down. 

II- Kings, chap. 15. 

29 In the days of Pe&ah king of Israel earne Tiglaih-pileser 
king of Assyria,, and took Ijon P and Abel-foeth-maaehah* and 
Janoah, and Kedesh, and Hazor, and Gilead, and Galilee, all the 
land of Naphtali r and carried them captive to Assyria. 

2?. CESAREA PHILIPPI.^ 

This spot, once occupied by Cesarea Philippi, is one 
which is naturally strong and easily defended; overlook- 
ing extensive and! beautiful plains of great fertffity, and 
watered by noble fountains. The town seems to have 
Been built by the Romans, upon the foundations of an. old 
city pre-historic, except in nai&es of even doubtful appli- 
cation ; ano! to have been destroyed during the holy wars 
©f the eleventh and twelfth centuries. 

At the present time,, extensive ruins of interest, con- 
trast with a degraded village of a hundred huts, scattered 
among; the ancient columns* walls, and foundations. 

" Ruins of a vast easile* still the most remarkable fort- 
ress in the Holy Land, stand above the city. Its erection 
is- believed to date long preTious to the Mosaic period."' 



-Note.— " Cesarea Philippi Is; thought t€>be identical with Baal- 
gad, afterward known as Paniiim and Banias— by which latter 
name it is now sometimes called."— Smith's, Bible jDtetiavM.ru. 



Model of Palestine. 



179 



BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josh., chap. 12. 

7 If And these are the kings of the country which Joshua and 
the children of Israel smote on this side Jordan on the west, 
from Baal-gad- in the valley of Lebanon even unto the mount 
Halak, that goeth up to Seir ; which Joshua gave unto the tribes 
of Israel for a possession according to their divisions. 

Mat., chap. 16. 

13 \ When Jesus came into the coasts of Cesarea Philippi, he 
asked his disciples, saying, Whom do men say that I, the Son of 
man, am ? 

Cm KEDESH. 

An important city of the Canaanites, falling to the 
portion of Naphtali. 

The ancient location is identified and marked by ex- 
tensive ruins. In the midst of them is found an indif- 
ferent village. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josh., chap. 12. 

22 The king of Kedesh, one ; the king of Jokneam of Carmel, 
one. 

Josh., chap. 21. 

32 And out of the trihe of Naphtali, Kedesh in Galilee with her 
suburbs, to be a city of refuge for the slayer ; and Hammoth-dor 
with her suburbs, and Kartan with her suburbs ; three cities. 

Judges, chap. 4. 

6 And she sent and called Barak the son of Abinoam out of 
Kedesh-naphtali, and said unto him, Hath not the Lord God of Is- 
rael commanded, saying, Go, and draw toward mount Tabor, and 
take with thee ten thousand men of the children of Naphtali and 
of the children of Zebulun? 

11 Now Heber the Kenite, which was of the children of Hobab 
the father-in-law of Moses, had severed himself from the Kenites, 
and pitched his tent unto the plain of Zaanaim, which is by Ke- 
desh. 



'-"Probably the place called Baalbec."— Prof. Osborn's Geogra- 
phy of Palestine. 



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HAZOK. 

Point by 2 M. South-East from Kedesh (C). 

u A shapeless mass of ruins, deep wells, and cisterns 
cut in the rock — in a deserted place overlooking Lake 
Huleh." 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Judges, chap. 4. 

2 And the Lord sold them into the hand of Jabin king of Ca- 
naan that reigned in Hazor, the captain of whose host was sisera, 
which dwelt in Harosheth of the Gentiles. 

Jeremiah, chap. 49. 

30 | Flee, get you far off, dwell deep, O ye inhabitants of Hazor, 
saith the Lord; for Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon hath taken 
counsel against you, and hath conceived a purpose against you. 

33 And Hazor shall be a dwelling for dragons, and a desolation 
for ever : there shall no man abide there, nor any son of man dwell 
in it. 

_Z>. MAGDALA. 

A humble village of some twenty huts, remembered 
as the home of Mary Magdalene. It is the only inhab- 
ited place on the plain of Gennesaret, which, in Christ s 
time, was thronged with inhabitants and busy life, seem- 
ingly the " perfect garden spot of nature's proud ambi- 
tion." 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Mat., chap. 15. 

39 And he sent away the multitude, and took ship, and came 
into the coasts of Magdala. 

CAPERNAUM. 
Point 2 M. North- East from Magdala (Z>). 

" The very ruins of Capernaum have been so complete- 
ly obliterated, that the question of its site has not been, 



Model of Palestine. 



181 



and probably never will be, definitely settled." — Rev. J. 
L. Porter. 

The point indicated is occupied by ruins sufficient in 
extent to denote the former existence of a city of the 
importance which is ascribed to Capernaum.* 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Mat., cliap. 4. 

13 And leaving Nazareth, he came and dwelt in Capernaum, 
which is npon the sea-coast, in the borders of Zabulon and Neph- 
thalim. 

Mat., chap. 8. 

5 ft And when Jesns was entered into Capernaum, there came 
unto him a centurion, beseeching him. 

Mat., chap. 11. 

23 And thou, Capernaum, which art exalted unto heaven, shalt 
be brought down to hell : for if the mighty works which have been 
done in thee, had been done in Sodom, it would have remained 
until this day. 

Mat., chap. 13. 

24 ft And when they were come to Capernaum, they that re- 
ceived tribute-mowe]/, came to Peter, and said, Doth not your Mas- 
ter pay tribute. 

Mark, chap. 1. 

21 And they went into Capernaum ; and straightway on the 
sabbath-day he entered into the synagogue and taught. 

Mark, chap. 2. 

1 And again he entered into Capernaum, after some days ; and 
it was noised that he was in the house. 

Mark, chap. 9. 

33 ft And he came to Capernaum : and being in the house, he 
asked them, What was it that ye disputed among yourselves by 
the way? 



❖Note.— All distinguishing traces of the cities Capernaum, 
Chorazin, and Bethsaida, (western) have been so far obliterated 
as to render their recognition uncertain at the present time. But 
that they stood on or near the little plain, or land of Gennesaret, by 
the north-western shore of the Sea of Galilee, is without question. 



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34 But t hey held their peace : for by the way they had disputed 
among themselves, who should be the greatest. 

Lake, chap. 10. 

15 And thou, Capernaum, which art exalted to heaven, shall be 
thrust down to hell. 

John, chap. 2. 

12 % After this he went down to Capernaum, he, and his mother 
and his brethren and his disciples ; and they continued there not 
many days. 

John, chap. 6. 

59 These things said he in the synagogue, as he taught in Ca- 
pernaum. 

BETHSAIDA. 
Point 8 M. North- East from Magdala (Z>). 

Bethsaida is now a small Arab village on the east side 
of the river Jordan. Its inhabitants derive a measure 
of their support from fishing in the neighboring Sea of 
Galilee. 

There is a difference of opinion — whether two cities 
of the same name lay one east and one west of the Jor- 
dan, or whether this town extended to the western bank 
of the river. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Mat., chap. 11. 

21 Woe unto thee, Chorazin ! woe unto thee, Bethsaida ! for i 
the mighty works, which were done in j^ou, had been done in Tyr 
and Sidon, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth an 
ashes. 

Marh, chap. 4. 

45 And straightway he constrained his disciples to get into th 
ship, and to go to the other side before unto Bethsaida, while he 
sent away the people. 

Mark, chap. S. 

22 ft And he cometh to Bethsaida ; and they bring a blin 
man unto him, and besought him to touch him. 

John, chap. 1. 

44 Now Philip was of Bethsaida, the city of Andrew and Peter. 



Model of Palestine, 



183 



CHORAZIN. 
Point Sy 2 M. North- East from Magdala (X)). 

Little is known of this city of the time of Christ. The 
site referred to is marked by a heap of ruins, (For Bible 
references see Bethsaida.) 

JE. TIBERIAS, 

Tiberias was built by the Romans near the beginning 
of the Christian Era. It is a walled town, having two 
or three thousand people, and is sadly in ruins from an 
earthquake in 1837. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

John, chap. 6. 

23 (Howbeit there came other boats from Tiberias nigh unto 
the place where they did eat bread, after that the Lord had given 
thanks.) 

F. GOLAN. 

Golan was a city of prominence in the days of Joshua, 
and also in the time of Christ. But little is known of its 
history, and even the exact locality where it stood is 
a matter of uncertainty. 



Josh., chap. 21. 

27 And unto the children of Gershon, of the families of the 
Levites, out of the other half-tribe of Manasseh they gave Golan in 
Bashan with her suburbs, to be a city of refuge for the slayer, and 
Beesh-terah with her suburbs ; two cities. 

ASHTEROTH. 

Point 6 M. North-East from Golan (E). 

A low hill with clusters of ruins utterly deserted, 
though surrounded by fertile plains. 



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Josh., chap. 12. 

4 And the coast of Og king of Bashan, which was of the remnant 
of the giants, that dwelt at Ashtaroth and at Edrei. 

<?• GAM ALA. 

Interesting ruins of a city, located on a mountain 
ridge, occupied and rebuilt by the Romans, Not con- 
nected with Bible history. 

GERGESA. 
Point 4 M. North- West from Gamala ((?). 

Foundations and other marks of a village or city of 
the Girgasites or Gergesenes, are found at the place in- 
dicated. The ancient tribe is reported as having migra- 
ted to Africa, about the time of the conquest of Canaan, 
by Joshua. 



Gen., cbap. 10. 

16 And the Jebusite, and the Amorite, and the Girgasite. 

Josh., chap. 3. 

10 And Joshua said, Hereby ye shall know that the living God 
is among you, and that he will without fail drive out from before 
you the Canaanites, and the Hittites, and the Hivites, and the Per- 
izzites, and the Girgashites, and the Amorites, and the Jebusites. 

Mat., chap. 8. 

28 f And when he was come to the other side into the country 
of the Gergesenes, there met him two possessed with devils, com- 
ing out of the tombs, exceeding fierce, so that no man might pass 
by that way. 

H. APHEK. 

The early history of this city has not reached the pres- 
ent day. Extensive ruins, crowning a hill in crescent 



Model of Palestine. 



185 



form, are yet found. A village built from and among 
the old ruins, is now occupied by some hundred and fifty 
families, and known as Fik. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
I. Kings, chap. 20. 

26 And it came to pass at the return of the year, that Ben-hadad 
numbered the Syrians, and went up to Aphek, to fight against 
Israel. 

30 But the rest fled to Aphek, into the city; and thence a wall 
fell upon twenty and seven thousand of the men that were left. 
And Ben-hadad fled, and came into the city, into an inner chamber. 

II. Kings, chap. 13. 

17 And he said, Open the window eastward, And he opened it. 
Then Elisha said, Shoot. And he shot. And he said, The arrow of 
the Lord's deliverance, and the arrow of deliverance from Syria: 
for thou shalt smite the Syrians in Aphek, till thou have consumed 
them, 

X. GADARA. 

A city rebuilt by the Romans, and included in the De- 
capolis. The present Arab name, "Um Keis," signifies, 
"The Mother of Ruins." 

For more than two miles in either direction, are inter- 
esting remains of fortifications. It has no permanent 
inhabitants. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Mark, chap. 5. 

1 And they came unto the other side of the sea, into the coun- 
try of the Gadarenes. 

Luke, chap. 8. 

37 \ Then the whole multitude of the country of the Gadarenes 
round about besought him to depart from them ; for they were 
taken with great fear : and he went up into the ship, and returned 
back again. 



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«7. MAHANAIM. 

A little Arab hamlet, rarely visited. A few ruins of 
no great extent are said to mark the site of this city, pecu- 
liarly interesting in history. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Gen., chap. 32. 

1 And Jacob went on his way, and the angels of God met him. 

2 And when Jacob saw them, he said, This U God's host : and 
he called the name of that place Mahanaim. 

Josh., chap. 21. 

38 And out of the tribe of Gad, Ramoth in Gilead with her 
suburbs, to be a city of refuge for the slayer ; and Mahanaim with 
her suburbs. 

II. Sam., chap. 2. 

8 But Abner the son of Ner, captain of Saul's host, took Ish- 
bosheth the son of Saul, and brought him over to Mahanaim. 

29 And Abner and his men walked all that night through the 
plain, and passed over Jordan, and went through all Bith-ron, and 
they came to Mahanaim. 

II. Sam., chap. 17. 

24 Then David came to Mahanaim. And Absalom passed over 
Jordan, he and all the men of Israel with him. 

II. Sam., chap. 19. 

32 Now Barzillai was a very aged man, even fourscore years old : 
and he had provided the king of sustenance while he lay at Ma- 
hanaim : for he was a very great man. 

JZ. BETH-SHE AN. 

Beth-shean was a prominent city in the time of Joshua, 
and one of those in which " the Canaanites would dwell." 

It is now an ordinary Arab village, standing among 
heaps of hew T n stone and fragments of columns, strewn 
over acres of ground. From the midst rises a conical 
hill, crowned by remains of the * Acropolis," from which 
fine views of the valley of the upper Jordan can be had. 



Model of Palestine. 



187 



Judging from the ruins and foundations, Beth-shean* 
was a city of temples. 

The situation is notable for the abundance of water. 

Scythopolis was the only city of the Roman Decapolis, 
(or district of ten cities,) which was located west of the 
river Jordan. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josh., cbap. 17. 

16 And the children of Joseph said, The hill is not enough for 
us: and all the Canaanites that dwell in the land of the valley 
have chariots of iron, both they who are of Beth-shean and her towns, 
and they who are of the valley of Jezreel. 

Judges, cbap. 1. 

27 Neither did Manasseh drive out the inhabitants o/Beth-shean 
and her towns, nor Taanach and her towns, nor the inhabitants of 
Dor and her towns, nor the inhabitants of Ibleara and her towns, 
nor the inhabitants of Megiddo and her towns ; but the Canaanites 
would dwell in that land. 

I. Sam., chap. 31. 

10 And they put his armour in the house of Ashtaroth : and 
they fastened his body to the wall of Beth-shan. 

I. Ivings. chap. 4. 

12 Baana the son of Ahilud : to him pertained Taanach and Me- 
giddo, and all Beth-shean, which is by Zartanah beneath Jezreel, 
from Beth-shean to Abel-meholah, even unto the place that is beyond 
Jokneam. 

X. JABESH GILEAD. 

For a place of its ancient importance, it is at this time 
but little known. A slight hill, covered with ruins, 
would indicate the site of a large village of considerable 
strength in former times. 



-Note.— Also known as Bethshan, Beisan, and Scythopolis. 



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BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Judges, chap. 21. 

10 And the congregation sent thither twelve thousand men of 
the valiantest, and commanded them, saying, Go and smite the 
inhabitants of Jabesh-gilead with the edge of the sword, with the 
women and the children. 

I. Sam., chap. 31. 

11 ft And when the inhabitants of Jabesh-gilead heard of that 
which the Philistines had done to Saul, 

12 All the valiant men arose, and went all night, and took the 
body of Saul, and the bodies of his sons from the wall of Beth-shan, 
and came to Jabesh, and burnt them there. 

13 And they took their bones, and buried them under a tree at 
Jabesh, and fasted seven days. 

I. Sam., chap. 11. 

1 Then Nahash the Ammonite came up, and encamped against 
Jabesh-gilead : and all the men of Jabesh said unto Nahash, Make 
a covenant with us, and we will serve thee. 

2 And Nahash the Ammonite answered them, On this condition 
will I make a covenant with you, that I may thrust out all your 
right eyes, and lay it for a reproach upon all Israel. 

II. Sam., chap. 2. 

5 ft And David sent messengers unto the men of Jabesh-gilead, 
and said unto them, Blessed beye of the Lord, that ye have shewed 
this kindness unto your lord, even unto Saul, and have buried him. 

II. Sam., chap, 21. 

12 ft And David went and took the bones of Saul and the bones 
of Jonathan his son from the men of Jabesh-gilead, which had 
stolen them from the street of Beth-shan. 

Mm NOBAH.* 

A city of the Eoman Decapolis. Here are extensive 
and interesting ruins, a mile or more in extent. Though 
rebuilt and embellished during the Roman rule, but little 
more is known concerning the history of the city than is 
given in scripture. 



-Note.— Also called Gerasa, Jerash, and Kenath. 



Model of Palestine. 



189 



BIBLE REFERENCES. 

JVura., chap. 32. 

42 And Nobah went and took Kenath, and the villages thereof, 
and called it Nobah, after his own name. 

I. Chron., chap. 2. 

23 And he took Geshur, and Aram, with the towns of Jair, 
from them, with Kenath and the towns thereof, even threescore 
cities. All these belonged to the sons of Machir the father of Gilead. 

Judges, chap. 8. 

11 f And Gideon went np by the way of them that dwelt in 
tents on the east of Nobah and Jogbehah, and smote the host : for 
the host was secure. 

JV". SUCCOTH. 

A city of " the kingdom of Sihon, King of Heshbon." 

Traces of earth- work, with fragments of columns of 
rude workmanship, and a few scattered ruins, lie on a 
bluff in the valley of the Jordan. The name (Sakut) 
is still attached to the locality. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Gen., chap. 33. 

17 And Jacob journeyed to Succoth, and built him a house, and 
made booths for his cattle ; therefore the name of the place is call- 
ed Succoth. 

Josh., cliap. 13. 

27 And in the valley, Beth-aram, and Beth-nimrah, and Suc- 
coth, and Zaphon, the rest of the kingdom of Sihon king of Hesh- 
bon, Jordan and his border, even unto the edge of the sea of Chin- 
nereth on the other side Jordan eastward. 

I. Kings, chap. 7. 

45 And the pots, and the shovels, and the basins : and all these 
vessels which Hiram made to king Solomon for the house of the 
Lord, were of bright brass. 

46 In the plain of Jordan did the king cast them, in the clay- 
ground between Succoth and Zarthan. 

Psalm 60. 

6 God hath spoken in his holiness ; I will rejoice, I will divide 
Shechem, and mete out the valley of Succoth. 



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O. BETHABAKA. 

A location near the best fords of the river Jordan. 
It is a central point near the accustomed routes between 
Judea, Gilead and Galilee. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Jndges, cliap. 7. 

24 And Gideon sent messengers throughout all mount Eph- 
raim, saying, Come down against the Midianites, and take before 
them the waters unto Beth-barah and Jordan. Then all the men 
of Ephralm gathered themselves together, and took the waters 
unto Beth-barah and Jordan. 

John, chap. 1. 

28 These things were done in Bethabara beyond Jordan, where 
John was baptizing. 

P. RAMOTH GILEAD 

Is a well fortified and thriving place, of perhaps three 
thousand brave and daring people. It stands on the sum- 
mit of an isolated, terraced hill, in a cultivated and pic- 
turesque section of the country. It was a prominent city 
in the days of Moses. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Josh., chap. 21. 

88 And out of the tribe of Gad, Ramoth in Gilead with her 
suburbs, to be a, city of refuge for the slayer ; and Mahanaim with 
her suburbs. 

I. Kings, chap. 22. 

15 U So he came to the king. And the king said unto him, 
Micaiah, shall we go against Ramoth-gilead to battle, or shall we 
forbear? And he answered him, Go, and prosper: for the Lord 
shall deliver it into the hand of the king. 

II. Kings, chap. 8. 

28 And he went with Joram the son of Ahab to the war 
against Hazael king of Syria in Ramoth-gilead; and the Syrians 
wounded Joram. 



Model op Palestine. 



191 



II. €hron., chap. 18. 

5 Therefore the king of Israel gathered together of prophets 
four hundred men, and said unto them, Shall we go to Ramoth- 
gilead to battle, or shall I forbear ? And they said, Go up ; for God 
will deliver it into the king's hand. 

28 So the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat the king of Judah 
went up to Ramoth-gilead. 

Q. RABBATH AMMON. 

Once a chief city, reiguing in wealth and splendor. 
Now, extensive and even magnificent ruins are seen, des- 
olate and dreary, with no permanent inhabitants. The 
city was one of the ten cities of the Roman Decapolis; 
also, a favored city of the Grecian Monarch of Egypt, 
Ptolemy Philadelphus, who rebuilt and adorned the place, 
giving it the name, Philadelphia. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
I>eut. 9 chap. 3. 

11 \ For only Og king of Bashan remained of the remnant of 
giants: behold, his bedstead was a bedstead of iron ; is it not in 
Rabbath of the children of Ammon ? nine cubits was the length 
thereof, and four cubits the breadth of it, after the cubit of a man. 

II. Sam., chap. 12. 

26 ft And Joab fought against Rabbah of the children of Am- 
mon, and took the royal city. 

29 And David gathered all the people together, and went to 
Rabbah, and fought against it, and took it. 

30 And he took their king's crown from off his head, (the weight 
whereof was a talent of gold with the precious stones,) and it was 
set on David's head. And he brought forth the spoil of the city in 
great abundance. 

31 And he brought forth the people that were therein, and put 
them under saws and under harrows of iron, and under axes of iron, 
and made them pass through the brick-kiln : and thus did he unto 
all the cities of the children of Ammon. So David and all the 
people returned unto Jerusalem. 

Jeremiah, chap 49. 

2 Therefore behold, the days come, saith the Lord, that I will 
cause an alarm of war to be heard in Rabbah of the Ammonites; 
and it shall be a desolate heap, and her daughters shall be burned 



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with fire : then shall Israel be heir unto them that Were his heirs, 
saith the Lord. 

5 Behold, I will bring a fear upon thee, saith the Lord God of 
hosts, from all those that be about thee ; and ye shall be driven out 
every man right forth ; and none shall gather up him that wan- 
dereth. 

6 And afterward I will bring again the captivity of the children 
of Animon, saith the Lord. 

Ezekiel, chap. 21. 

20 Appoint a way, that the sword may come to Rabbath of the 
Ammonites, and to Judah in Jerusalem the defenced. 

Ezekiel, chap. 25. 

5 And I will make Rabbah a stable for camels, and the Ammon- 
ites a couching-place for flocks ; and ye shall know that I am the 
Lord. 

jB. ai. 

Remains of broken cisterns, substantial foundations, 
and immense hewn stone, lie at intervals along a rocky- 
ridge for half a mile, marking the site of Ai, one of the 
most ancient towns whose name is recorded. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Gen., chap. 12. 

8 And he removed from thence unto a mountain on the east of 
Beth-el, and pitched his tent, having Beth-el on the west, and Hai 
on the east: and there he builded an altar unto the Lord, and 
called upon the name of the Lord. 

Josh., chap. 7. 

2 And Joshua sent the men from Jericho to Ai, which is beside 
Beth-aven, on the east side of Beth-el, and spake unto them, saying, 
Go up and view the country. And the men went up and viewedAi. 

4 So there went up thither of the people about three thousand 
men : and they fled before the men of Ai. 

5 And the men of Ai smote of them about thirty and six men : 
for they chased them from before the gate even unto Shebarim, and 
smote them in the going down : wherefore the hearts of the people 
melted, and become as water. 



Model of Palestine. 193 



OPHRA, OR EPHRAIM. 
Point 4% M. North from Ai (iJ). 

A small village, and so far as known possessing in 
itself but little of interest It seems apparent that two 
places of similar name existed in the same district, not a 
great distance apart* 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Judges, chap. 6. 

11 And there came aa angel of the Lord, and sat zander an. 
©ak which was in Qphrah, that periamed unto Joash the Abi-ezrite: 
and his son Gideon threshed wheat hy the winepress, to hide it 
from the Midianites. 

24 Then Gideon built an altar there unto the Lord, and called 
it Jehovah -shalom: iunto this day it & yet in Ophrah of the Abi- 
writes. 

Judges, chap. 8* 

27 And Gideon made an ephod thereof, and put It In his city, 
even in Ophrah. 

32 And Gideon the son of Joash died in a good old age, and 
^ras buried in the sepulehre of Joash his father, in Ophrah of the 
Abi-ezrites. 

I* Sam, ehap. 13L 

17 And the spoilers came out .of the camp of the Philistines 
In three companies: one company turned unto the way that lead" 
eth to Ophrah unto the land of ShuaL 

II. Sam., cbap. 13* 

23 And it eame to pass after two full years, that Absalom had 
sheep-shearers in Baal-hazor, which is beside Ejphjraim : and Ab- 
salom invited aU the king's sons. 

Jfehn, ehap. 11. 

54 Jesus therefore walked no more openly among the Jews- 
but went thene© unto a country near to the wilderness, into a city 
called Ephraim, and there continued with his disciples. 



"Note.— Some geographic explorer may find Baal-hazor, the 
valley of Shava, and Absalom's Pillar in the district north ©f 
Ohpra, of which little is known. See Genesis, chapter 14, verse 17, 
and II. Samuel,, chapter 18, verse 18. N- 



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MICHMASH. 
JPoint 2 M. East from Ai 

A village of the tribe of Benjamin, overlooking the 
valley of the Jordan. A wretched hamlet at present 
stands on or near the ancient site. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

I. Sam., ehap. 13. 

2 Saul chose him three thousand men of Israel ; whereof two 
thousand were with Saul in Miehmash and in mount Beth-el, 
and a thousand were with Jonathan in Gibeah of Benjamin : and 
the rest of the people he sent every man to his teat. 

I. Sam., eh a p. 14. 

5 The forefront of the one was situate northward over against 
Miehmash, and the other southward over against Gibeah. 

31 And they smote the Philistines that day from Miehmash to 
Aijalon : and the people were very taint. 

JERICHO. 

The location of Jericho was at the gateway of Judea, 
coming from Gilead and the Jordan valley. It enjoyed 
a tropical climate, and was surrounded by groves of palm 
trees, orchards ol oranges, and extensive vineyards, whose 
luxuriance rendered them widely famous. 

The city was destroyed at the conquest by the childreB 
of Israel, (1451 B. C.) and though the locality was not 
deserted, it was not substantially rebuilt upon until nearly 
five centuries later. From that time it appears to have 
increased in importance until it became the second city 
in Palestine. Near the beginning of the Christian Era 
the city again met destruction at the hands of the Rom- 
ans, from which it has never arisen. 

"It now consists,* says Stephens, "of fifty or sixty 
miserable Arab houses, the walls of which on three sides 
are stone, piled up like the stone fences of our farmers, 



Model of Palestine. 



195 



most of them not so high as a man's head, and the front 
and top either entirely open or covered with brush." 

The climate of the plains about Jericho presents fav- 
orable conditions for winter residences. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Josh., els a p. 2, 

1 And Joshua the son of Nun sent out of Shittim two men to 
spy secretly, saying, Go view the land, even Jericho. And they 
went, and came into an harlot's house, named Rahab, and lodged 
there. 

Josh., chap. 3. 

16 That the waters which came down from above stood and 
rose up upon an heap very far from the city, Adam that is beside 
Zaretan ; and those that came down toward the sea of the plain, 
even the salt sea, failed, and were cut off: and the people passed 
over right against Jericho. 

Josh., chap. 6. 

1 Now Jericho was straitly shut up, because of the children of 
Israel : none went out, and none came in. 

2 And the Lord said unto Joshua, See, I have given into thy 
hand Jericho, and the king thereof, and the mighty men of valour. 

II. Sam., chap. 10. 

5 When they told it unto David, he sent to meet them, because 
the men were greatly ashamed. And the king said, Tarry at Jericho 
until your beards be grown, and then return. 

I Kings, chap. 16. 

34 In his days did Hiel the Beth-elite build Jericho : he laid 
the foundation thereof in Abiram his first-born, and set up the 
gates thereof in his youngest son Segub, according to the word of the 
Lord, which he spake by Joshua the son of Nun. 

II. King, chap. 2. 

4 And Elijah said unto him, Elisha, tarry here I pray thee ;. for 
the Lord hath sent me to Jericho. And he said, .4* the Lord liveth, 
and as thy soul liveth, I will not leave thee. So they came to 
Jericho. 

5 And the sons of the prophets that were at Jericho came to 
Elisha, and said unto him, Knowest thou that the Lord will take 
away thy master from thy head to-day ? And he answered, Yea, I 
know it: hold ye your peace. 



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18 And when they came again to him, (for he tamed at Jericho,) 
he said unto them, Did I not say unto you, Go not ? 

19 f And the men of the city said unto Elisha, Behold, I pray 
thee, the situation of this city is pleasant, as my lord seeth : but 
the water is naught, and the ground barren. 

20 And he said, Bring me a new cruse, and put salt therein. 
And they brought it to him. 

21 And he went forth unto the spring of the waters, and cast 
the salt in there, and said, Thus saith the Lord, I have healed these 
waters : there shall not be from thence any more death or barren 
land. 

II. Cbroii.. cliap. 28. 

15 And the men which were expressed by name rose up, and 
took the captives, and with the spoil clothed all that were naked 
among them, and arrayed them, and shod them, and gave them to 
eat and to drink, and anointed them, and carried all the feeble of 
them upon asses, and brought them to Jericho, the city of palm- 
trees, to their brethren : then they returned to Samaria. 

Jeremiah, chap. 39. 

5 But the Chaldeans' army pursued after them, and over- 
took Zedekiah in the plains of Jericho : and when they had taken 
him, they brought him up to Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon to 
Riblahinthe land of Hamath, where he gave judgment upon him. 

Mat., chap. 20. 

29 And as they departed from Jericho, a great multitude fol- 
lowed him. 

30 And behold, two blind men sitting by the way-side, when 
they heard that Jesus passed by, cried out, saying, Have mercy on 
us, O Lord, thou son of David. 

Luke. chap. 10. 

30 And Jesus answering, said, A certain man went down from 
Jerusalem to Jericho, and fell among thieves, which stripped him 
of his raiment, and wounded him, and departed, leaving him half 
dead. 

Luke. chap. 19. 

1 And Jesus entered and passed through Jericho. 

2 And behold, there was a man named Zaccheus, which was the 
chief among the publicans, and he was rich. 

GILGAL. 

Point 3 M. Eastward from Jericho (S). 

Nothing remains by which the location can be posi- 



Model of Palestine. 



197 



lively identified. Some writers claim that it was never 
otherwise than a camp. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Josh., chap. 4. 

19 And the people came up out of Jordan on the tenth day of 
the first month, and encamped in Gilgal, in the east border of Jer- 
icho. 

20 And those twelve stones, which they took out of Jordan, did 
Joshua pitch in Gilgal. 

Josh., chap. 9. 

6 And they went to Joshua unto the camp at Gilgal, and said 
unto him, and to the men of Israel, We be come from a far country : 
now therefore make ye a league with us. 

Judges, chap. 2. 

1 And an angel of the Lord came up from Gilgal to Bochim, 
and said, I made you to go up out of Egypt, and have brought you 
unto the land which I SAvare unto your fathers: and I said, I will 
never break my covenant with you. 

Judges, chap. 3. 

19 But he himself turned again from the quarries that were by 
Gilgal, and said, I have a secret errand unto thee, O king : who said, 
Keep silence. And all that stood by him went out from him. 

II. Kings, chap. 2. 

1 And it came to pass when the Lord would take up Elijah 
into heaven by a whirlwind, that Elijah went with Elisha from 
Gilgal. 

II. Kings, chap. 4. 

38 And Elisha came again to Gilgal. And there was a dearth in 
the land, and the sons of the prophets ivere sitting before him : and 
he said unto his servant, Set on the great pot, and seethe pottage 
for the sons of the prophets. 

T. HESHBON. 

The capital city of the Ammonites at the conquest of 
the land by Moses, and the residence of Sihon their King. 
Its ruins lie scattered over a wide extent of country, ap- 
parently deserted for ages. 



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Says a late writer: "Its position is commanding, 
though not much above the general plateau on which it 
stands. From it the eve in all directions sweeps over 
beautifully rolling and fertile plains and valleys. The 
country reminded me of the valley of Virginia, or of the 
Genesee region of New York." — Dr. Bidgaway in "The 
Lords Land" 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
X inn., chap. 21. 

26 For Heshbon was the city of Sihon the king of the Amorites, 
who had fought against the former king of Moab, and taken all 
his land out of his hand, even unto Anion. 

27 Wherefore they that speak in proverbs say, Come into 
Heshbon, let the city of Sihon be built and prepared : 

28 For there is a fire gone out of Heshbon, a flame from the 
city of Sihon : it hath consumed Ar of Moab, and the lords of the 
high places of Arnon. 

Num., chap. 32. 

37 And the children of Reuben built Heshbon, and Elealeh, 
and Kirjathaim. 

Dent., chap. 3. 

2 And the Lord said unto me, Fear him not ; for I will deliver 
him, and all his people, and his land, into thy hand : and thou shalt 
do unto him as thou didst unto Sihon king of the Amorites, which 
dwelt at Heshbon. 

6 And we utterly destroyed them, as we did unto Sihon king 
of Heshbon, utterly destroying the men, women, and children 
of every city. 

I>eut., chap. 29. 

7 And when ye came unto this place, Sihon the king of Hesh- 
bon, and Og the king of Bashan, came out against us unto battle, 
and we smote them. 

Judges, chap. 11. 

19 And Israel sent messengers unto Sihon king of the Amorites, 
the king of Heshbon ; and Israel said unto him, Let us pass, we 
pray thee, through thy land into my place. 

Song of Solomon, chap. 7. 

4 Thy neck w as a tower of ivory ; thine eyes like the fish -pools 
in Heshbon, by the gate of Bath-rabbim : thy nose is as the tower 
of Lebanon which looketh toward Damascus. 



Model of Palestine. 



199 



I sal all, chap. 16. 

8 For the fields of Heshbon languish, and the vine of Sibmah : 
the lords of the heathen have broken clown the principal plants 
thereof, they are come even unto Jazer, they wandered through the 
wilderness : her branches are stretched out, they are gone over the 
sea. 

9 1f Therefore I will bewail with the weeping of Jazer the vine 
of Sibmah : I will water thee with my tears, O Heshbon, and Ele- 
aleh : for the shouting for thy summer fruits and for thy harvest is 
fallen. 

Jeremiah, chap. 48. 

2 There shall be no more praise of Moab: in Heshbon they have 
devised evil against it ; come, and let us cut it off from being a na- 
tion. Also thou shait be cut down, O Madmen ; the sword shall 
pursue thee. 

84 From the cry of Heshbon even unto Elealeh, and even unto 
Jahaz, have they uttered their voice, from Zoar even unto Horo- 
naim, as a heifer of three years old : for the waters also of Nimrim 
shall be desolate. 

45 They that fled stood under the shadow of Heshbon because 
of the force : but a fire shall come forth out of Heshbon, and a flame 
from the midst of Sihon, and shall devour the corner of Moab, and 
the crown of the head of the tumultuous ones. 

Jeremiah, chap. 49. 

3 Howl, O Heshbon, for Ai is spoiled : cry, ye daughters of Kab- 
bah, gird you with sackcloth ; lament, and run to and fro by the 
hedges ; for their king shall go into eaptivity, and his priests and 
his princes together. 

ELEALEH. 
Point 2 M. North- East from Heshbon (T). 

A city rebuilt by the Reubenites soon after receiving 
their inheritance, (1440 B. C.) The locality is marked 
by extensive ruins scattered in confusion, without inhab- 
itants. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Isaiah, chap. 15. 

4 And Heshbon shall cry, and Elealeh ; their voices shall be 
heard even unto Jahaz : therefore the armed soldiers of Moab shall 
cry out ; his life shall be grievous unto him. 



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Jeremiah, chap. 48. 

34 From the cry of Heshbon even unto Elealeh, and even unto 
Jahaz r have they uttered their voice, from Zoar even unto Horo- 
naim, as> a heifer of three years old ; for the waters also of Nimrim 
shall be desolate, 

Z7, BETHANY. 

The village of Bethany stands on the eastern slope of 
the Mount of Olives, near its base. It is a small place, 
and probably was never otherwise. Its first mention in 
the Bible is in connection with the visits of Christ. 
Associated with his visits it has become a sacred spot. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Mat., chap. 21. 

17 And he left them, and went out of the city into Bethany^ 
and he lodged there, 

Mark, chap. 11. 

I And when they came nigh to Jerusalem, unto Bethphage and 
Bethany, at the mount of Olives, he sendeth two of his disciples. 

II And when Jesus entered into Jerusalem, and into the temple : 
and when he had looked round about upon all things, and now the 
even tide was come, he went out unto Bethany, with the twelve. 

12 If And on the morrow, when they were come from Bethany, 
he was hungry. 

Mark, chap. 14. 

3 \ And being in Bethany, in the house of Simon the leper, as 
he sat at meat, there came a woman having an alabaster-box of 
ointment of spikenard, very precious ; and she brake the box, and 
poured it on his head. 

Xaikc, chap. 24. 

50 ft And he led them out as far as to Bethany : and he lifted 
up his hands, and blessed them. 

John, chap. 11. 

1 Now a certain man was sick, named Lazarus, of Bethany, the 
town of Mary and her sister Martha. 

18 Now Bethany was nigh unto Jerusalem, about fifteen fur- 
longs off. 



Model of Palestine. 



201 



EN ROGEL. 
Point 2 M. South from Bethany {V), 

En Rogel is a well, mentioned as a landmark, and also 
as a meeting place. The well is a shaft, sunk one hun- 
dred and twenty-five feet through the solid rock, the bed 
of the brook Kidron. It is covered by a rude and di- 
lapidated building. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Tosh., chap. 18. 

16 And the border came down to the end of the mountain that 
lieth before the valley of the son of Hinnom, and which is in the 
valley of the giants on the north, and descended to the valley of 
Hinnom, to the side of Jebusi on the south, and descended to En- 
rogel. 

II. Sam., chap. 17. 

17 Now Jonathan and Ahimaaz stayed by En -rogel ; for they 
might not be seen to come into the city : and a wench went and 
told them ; and they went and told king David. 

I. King's, chap. 1. 

9 And Adonijah slew sheep and oxen and fat cattle by the 
stone of Zoheieth, which is by En-rogel, and called all his brethren 
the king's sons, and all the men of Judah the king's servants. 

MAR SABA. 
JPoint §y 2 M. South- East from Bethany (U). 

An extensive building of rock, cave, masonry and 
gorge, which are so intermingled as to be distinguished 
with difficulty. It is owned by the Greek Church, and 
applied to their religious uses. It may be called the most 
remarkable structure in Palestine. 

V. AROER. 

Ruins only, but sufficient in extent to identify the site, 
have been seen by one or two modern travelers. 



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BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Num., chap. 32. 

34 And the children of Gad built Dibon, and Ataroth, and 
Aroer. 

Dent., chap, 2. 

36 From Aroer which is by the brink of the river of Arnon, 
and /row* the city that is by the river, even unto Gilead, there was 
not one city too strong for us : the Lord our God delivered all unto 
us. 

Josh., chap. 12. 

2 Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelt in Heshbon, and 
ruled from. Aroer, which is upon the bank of the river Arnon, 
and from the middle of the river, and from half Gilead, even unto 
the river Jabbok, which is the border of the children of Ammon. 

II. Sam,, chap. 24. 

5 f And they passed over Jordan, and pitched in Aroer, on the 
right side of the city that liethin. the midst of the river of Gad, and 
toward Jazer. 

Isaiah, chap. 17. 

2 The cities of Aroer are forsaken : they shall be for flocks* 
which shall lie down, and none shall make them afraid. 

Jeremiah, chap. 48. 

19 O inhabitant of Aroer, stand by the way, and espy ; ask 
him that fleeth, and her that escapeth and say, What is done? 

DIBON. 

Point I M. North from Aroer (V). 

A deserted field of ruins, in the midst of fertile valleys. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Numbers, chap. 32. 

34 *[ And the children of Gad built Dibon, and Ataroth, and 
Aroer. 

Isaiah, chap. 15. 

2 He is gone up to Bajith, and to Dibon, the high places, to 
weep : Moab shall howl over Nebo, and over Medeba : on all their 
heads shall be baldness, and every beard cut off. 

Jeremiah, chap. 4$. 

18 Thou daughter that dost inhabit Dibon, come down from thy 



Model of Palestine. 



203 



glory, find sit in thirst: for the spoiler of Moab shall come upon 
thee, and he shall destroy thy strong holdr 

W. BOZRAH. 

Here is a small village of some fifty Arab dwellings, 
bearing the name Little Bozrali. No evidences are found 
of ancient grandeur. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 
Gen., chap. 36. 

33 And Bela died, and Jobab the son of Zerah of Bozrah reign- 
ed in his stead. 

Josh., chap. 20. 

1 And on the other side of Jordan by Jericho eastward, they 
assigned Bezer, in the wilderness upon the plain out of the tribe of 
Reuben. 

Isaiali, chap. 34. 

6 The sword of the Lord is filled with blood, it is made fat with 
fatness and with the blood of lambs and goats, with the fat of the 
kidneys of rams : for the Lord hath a sacrifice in Bozrah, and a 
great slaughter in the land of Idumea. 

Isaiah, chap. 63. 

1 Who is this that cometh from Edom, with dyed garmets from 
Bozrah? this that is glorious in his apparel, traveling in the great- 
ness of his strength ? I that speak in righteousnees, mighty to save. 

X. EN-GEDI. 

Some traces of former buildings of rude construction 
remain. The locality was celebrated for its luxuriant 
palm trees, excellent grapes, and the fragrant medicinal 
"Balm of Gilead." The little plain, the tropical cli- 
mate, and bountiful springs exist to-day. The mountain 
declivity to the westward is the wilderness of En-gedi. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josh., chap. 15. 

62 And Nibshan, and the city of Salt, and En-gedi ; six cities 
with their villages. 



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I. Sam., chap. 23. 

29 r And David went up from thence, and dwelt in strong holds 
at En-gedi. 

I. Sam., chap. 24. 

1 And it came to pass, when Saul was returned from follow- 
ing the Philistines, that it was told him. saying, Behold, David is 
in the wilderness of En-gedi. 

2 Then Saul took three thousand chosen men out of all Israel, 
and went to seek David and his men upon the rocks of the wild 
goats. 

II. Chron., chap. 20. 

2 Then there came some that told Jehoshaphat, saying, There 
cometh a great multitude against thee from beyond the sea on this 
side Syria; and behold, they be in Hazazon-tamar, which is En-gedi. 

Ezeltiel, chap. 47. 

10 And it shall come to pass, that the fishers shall stand upon it 
from En-gedi even unto En-eglaim ; they shall be a place to spread 
forth nets ; their fish shall be according to their kinds, as the fish 
of the great sea, exceeding many. 

MAS AD A. 
Point 8 M. Southward from En-gedi (X). 

A natural rock tower, crowned by crumbling walls of 
an ancient fortress. Within the enclosure are found ru- 
ins believed to be those of a Jewish synagogue, the most 
ancient known. 

The fortress of Masada was rebuilt by Herod the 
Great, afterwards becoming the last stronghold of the 
Jews against the Romans. A fragment of tragic history 
is connected with its destruction. 

Y, MAOX. 

A flat top conical hill, crowned with ruins, and perfo- 
rated with caverns. It is without permanent inhabitants. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josh., chap. 15. 

55 Maon, Carmel, and Ziph, and Juttah. 



Model of Palestine. 



205 



I. Sam., ctiap. 23. 

2 And there was a man in Maon, whose possessions were in Car- 
mel, and the man was very great, and he had three thousand sheep, 
and a thousand goats : and he was shearing his sheep in Carmel. 

ARAD. 

JPoint 8 M. Southward from Maon (Y). 

A rounded hill, a brackish fountain, and an everlast- 
ing name, are left to speak for Arad. 

" Here, looking southward, begins the desert in nature, 
in history, and geographic knowledge." 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Xum., cliap. 21. 

1 And when king Arad the Canaanite, which dwelt in the south, 
heard tell that Israel came by the way of the spies ; then he fought 
against Israel, and took some of them prisoners. 

2 And Israel vowed a vow unto the Lord, and said, If thou wilt 
indeed deliver this people into my hand, then I will utterly destroy 
their cities. 

Judges, chap. 1. 

16 And the children of theKenite, Moses' father-in-law, went 
up out of the city of palm-trees with the children of Judah into 
the wilderness of Judah, which lieth in the south of Arad ; and 
they went and dwelt among the people. 

CARMEL. 

Point 2y 2 M. North- West from Maon (F). 

Here are interesting ruins, whose extensive foundations 
indicate the former existence of costly structures. The 
place was embellished by the Romans. It is now, and 
apparently has been, long deserted. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Josh., cliap. 15. 

55 Maon, Carmel, and Ziph, and Juttah. 



I. Sam., eliap. 15. 

12 And when Samuel rose early to meet Saul in the morning, 



206 



Hand Book for 



it was told Samuel, saying, Saul came to Carmel, and behold, he 
set him. . up a place, and is gone about, and passed on, and gone 
down to Gilgal. 

I. Sam., chap. 25. 

5 And David sent out ten young men, and David said unto the 
young men, Get you up to Carmel, and go to Nabal, and greet him 
in my name. 

Z. ZOAR. 

A few heaps of stone and rubbish in regular rows, one 
or two remaining foundations, here and there a block re- 
sembling the pedestal of a column, with minute fragments 
of pottery, mark the site designated as Zoar. 

BIBLE REFERENCES. 

Gen., chap. 10. 

22 Haste thee, escape thither : for I cannot do anything till thou 
be come thither : therefore the name of the city was called Zoar. 

23 \ The sun was risen upon the earth when Lot entered in Zoar. 

POINT COSTIGAN. 
8% M. North- West from Zoar (Z). 

POINT MOLYNEAUX. 
7 M, South- West from Zoar (Z). 

First described and named by Lieutenant Lynch in 
1848, who writes: 4 'When in full view of the penin- 
sula, I named its northern extremity Point Costigan, and 
its southern one Point Molyneaux, as a tribute to the 
memories of two gallant Englishmen, who lost their 
lives in attempting to explore this sea." 



INDEX. 



Explanation. — The first column refers to the characters 
on the Model, and to the list attached to the table. ROMAN 
capitals indicate places on the Mediterranean slope; ITALIC 
letters denote locations In and East of the Jordan valley. 
The fourth column contains initials of the tribe in whose al- 
lotment the place is located. M. e. and M. w. distinguish 
the eastern and western portions of the tribe of Manasseh. 



Pt. A. Abel 

Abarim 

6 Abu Zabura. 

B. Akka 

3 Akka 

4 Adathir 

B. Ai... 

10 Ajlon 

Pt. S. Ajalon 

Pt. Q. Anathoth ... 

K. Antipatris ... 

H. Aphek 

Pt. Y. Arad 

12 Arnon 

F. Aroer . 

Asher 

R. Ashdod 

Pt. F. Ashteroth.... 

U. Askelon 

19 Attarus , 

8 Aujeh , 

8 Balka 

Z. Beer-sheba ., 

W. Beit Jibrin.. 

1 Belus 

Benjamin ... 



Village........ 

Mountains ... 

River 

City 

Plain 

Mount 

Ruins ......... 

Mount 

Village 

Village 

Village 

Village 

Ruin 

River 

Ruin 

Tr. poss 

City 

Ruin 

Ruins 

Mount 

River 

Plain 

Ruins 

Ruins 

River 

Tr. poss 





Page. 


D 


.,, 177 


R 


. 74 


E 


., .. 83 


A 


116 


A 


76 


A 


63 


B 


.... 192 




66 


D 


, . 158 


B 


... 154 


E 


... i 140 


M. E 


184 


J 


205 


R 


■ .i 85 


R 


201 


33 


J 


, 156 


M. E 


183 


J 


163 


R 


, 72 


D 


, . 83 


R 


77 


S 


175 




. 168 


A 


82 


35 



208 Index. 

0. Bethabara Place .. 

U. Bethany Village 

0. Bethel Ruins .. 

T. Bethlehem City.... 

Pt. JD. Bethsaida Village. 

K. Bethshean Village 

S. Beth-shemesh.... Ruin... 

W. Bozrah Village 

C. Cana of Galilee.. Village 

Pt. D. Capernaum Place .. 

Pt. Y. Carmel Ruins.. 

Carmel Mount. 

H. Caesarea Ruins .. 

B. Cesarea Philippi Village 

Pt. D. Chorazin Place 

Pt. Z. Costigan... Point... 

4 Crocodile River... 

A. Dan Ruin... 

Dan Tr. poss 

3 Defneh River.... 

Dead Sea 

Pt. G. Dothan Ruin .... 

Pt, V. Dibon Ruins... 

Div. of Palestine 

12 Ebal Mount... 

X. Eglon Ruins... 

Pt. P. Ekron Village 

4 ElButtauf Plain... 

Pt. E. Endor Village 

Pt. T. Elealeh Ruins 

G. En-gannim City... 

X En-gedi Place 

Pt. U. En-rogel Well.. 

Ephraim Tr. poss 

5 Esdraelon Plain.... 

7 Failak River ... 

17 Frank Mountain Mount... 

1. Gadara Ruins ... 

Gad Tr. poss 

Galilee.. Division 



Index. 



Galilee Sea of.... 

G. Gamala Ruins ... 

Pt. W. Gath Ruins... 

Y. Gaza City 

Pt. Y. Gerar Place 

13 Gerizim Mount .. 

Pt. 6r. Gersa. Ruins... 

Q. Gibeah of Saul . . . Ruins . . . 

Pt. 0. Gibeon Village.. 

9 Gilboa Mount.. 

Gilead Division 

11 Gilead Mount .. 

Pt S. Gilgal Place 

F. Golan Place 

Pt. B. Haifa City 

7 Hauran Plain 

Pt. C. Hazor Ruin 

V. Hebron City 

T. Heshbon Ruins... 

1 Huleh Plain 

Huleh Lake 

Issachar Tr. poss. 

11 Jabbok River ... 

X. Jabesh-gilead Ruins ... 

Pt. P. Jabneh Village.. 

Pt. J. Jacob's Well Place 

Pt. W. Jarmuth Village.. 

S. Jericho Village .. 

5 Jermuk Mount .. 

F. Jezreel Village.. 

Jerusalem City 

6 Jezreel Plain.... 

M. Joppa City 

Jordan Valley .. 

Jordan River ... 

Judea Division 

Judah Tr. poss. 

5 Kanah River.... 

C. Kedesh Village .. 

Kidron Brook ... 



209 
Page. 



94 

M. s 184 

J 169 

J 172 

S 174 

E 67 

M. e 184 

B.... 151 

B 148 

1 65 

27 

G 66 

B 196 

M.e 183 

M. w 117 

M.e 77 

N 180 

J 164 

R 197 

D 75 

94 

45 

R. G 84 

G 187 

J 151 

E. M. w 138 

J 168 

B 194 

Z 63 

1 122 

B 100 

1 77 

D 142 

G 80 

G 88 

25 

46 

E. W. w 83 

N 179 

J , 86 



210 Index. 

2 Kishon River ... 

6 Kurn Hattin Mount... 

14 Kurn Sartabeh... Mount... 
Pt. X. Lachish Ruins ... 

2 Ladder of Tyre.. Mount... 

Pt. L. Lebonah Village.. 

8 Little Hermon... Mount... 
N. Lydda City 

D. Magdala Village.. 

Mahanaim Ruin 

Manasseh Tr. poss. 

Y. Maon Ruin 

11 Maritime Plain... Plain.... 

Pt.W. Maresha... Place,... 

Pt. U. Mar Saba House... 

Pt. X. Masada Ruin 

Pt. F. Megiddo Ruins ... 

Pt. R. Michruash Village.. 

Pt. Q. Mizpeh Village.. 

Moab Division 

Pt. Z. Molyneaux Point 

9 Moreh Plain 

Mount of Olives Mount... 

E. Nain Village .. 

Naphtali Tr. poss. 

D. Nazareth City 

18 Nebo Mount... 

16 Neby Samwil Mount... 

Pt. Q. Nob Village.. 

M. Nobah Ruins... 

Pt. R. Ophra Village.. 

1 Prom. Album Mount... 

18 Pisgah and Nebo Mount... 

15 Quarantana Mount... 

Q. Rabbath Ammon Ruins ... 

Pt. T. Rachel's Tomb... Place.... 

2 Rama Plain 

3 Rama, ( hights of) Mount. . . 
Pt. Q. Ramah Village.. 

P. Ramleh City 



Page. 



A. Z.I.... 82 

Z 63 

E. M. w. G... 69 

J 171 

A 62 

F E 142 

1 65 

D 144 

Z 180 

G. M. e 186 

50 

J . .' 204 

J. 8 79 

J 169 

J 201 

J 204 

1 124 

B 194 

B 153 

30 

Moab 206 

E. M. w 77 

B 72 

1 120 

, 52 

Z 118 

R 70 

B 70 

B 155 

M. k 188 

B 193 

A 62 

R 70 

E 69 

G ; 191 

B 162 

A. Z 75 

A 63 

B 153 

D 149 



Index. 



P. Ramoth Gilead. .. City 

Reuben Tr. poss. 

9 Rubin River.... 

A. Safed City 

Pt. J. Salem Village.. 

Samaria Division 

I. Samaria Village .. 

21 Scorpion Cliffs... Mount... 

10 Sharon Plain 

J. Shechem City 

L. Shiloh Place 

Pt. E. Shunem Village.. 

Simeon Tr. poss. 

N. Sueeoth Place...., 

Pt. F. Taanach Place...., 

7 Tabor , Mount... 

Pt. V, Tekoa Place 

E. Tiberias City 

Pt. S. Timnath Ruins.... 

Pt. N. Timnath-serah... Ruins .... 

Pt. I. Tirza Village.., 

2 Tyre, (ladder of) Mount,.., 

Tribal Divisions 

Pt. 0. Upp'rBeth-hor'n Village.. 

20 Usdum Mount.... 

Pt. Z. Ziklag Place 

Pt. V. Ziph Ruins..., 

Z. Zoar Place 



211 

Page. 



G 190 

54 

D 83 

N 116 

M. w 139 

23 

E 128 

J 72 

E 78 

E 135 

E 140 

L. 121 

56 

G 189 

1 125 

I. Z 64 

J 167 

1 183 

J 159 

E 144 

M. w 134 

A 62 

33 

B 148 

J 72 

S 176 

J 167 

Moab 206 



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From NicTiols* Oleograph ; *? -Models. 

The models are a durable miniature representation, de- 
signed to show tiie exact shape, the relative size, contour, 
relief and position of the several United States, made of thin 
iron plates, light and durable. When placed together they 
somewhat resemble a relief map, about 42 by 70 inches in 
extent, adapted to a scale that a child can use in making meas- 
urements. 

THE USE OF THE MODELS WILL RESULT IX 

1. A thorough awakening of interest in the subject of 
Geography. 

2. A clear, -distinct conception of the country in general 
and in detail. 

3. The location of places, size and shape of states, 
heights and trend of mountain masses, with the form of the 
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"After a verv careful examination often repeated, of the 
Geographical Models, I firmly believe more geography can 
be taught with these models in a single term of school, than 
can be taught without them in ten years. 

k. . Because the pupils get at once a view of the -whole 
country. 2. It gives a comparatively correct idea of the 
relative size of each state. 3. The boundaries of each state 
can be impressed on the mind of the pupils. 4. The eleva- 
tions and depressions — rivers, plains, water-sheds, &c. — can 
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indorse these models as the best '-helps" to a study of our 
country invented in this century." 

This conclusion is endorsed by the leading educators in 
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J. C. BROOKE, Cincinnati, Ohio. 



